专业知识的民主化——欧盟风险治理的经验与启示

Democratization of expertise:Experiences and enlightenments of EU's risk governance

由科学不确定性所引发的负面后果是现代政府风险规制的重要对象。在疯牛病危机与转基因作物争议的压力下,欧盟进行了风险规制改革,并确立了以风险预防为基本原则、以风险分析为基本框架、以信任重建为主要目标的风险治理模式。欧盟风险治理的核心在于重塑科学与政治的关系,兼顾科学理性与民主政治的回应性与责任,从而体现了"专业知识的民主化"诉求。欧盟改革经验对中国的启示在于需要破除科技决定论思维、调和风险规制中科学与政治的关系、建立有效的风险沟通机制并保障公众的实质性参与。

The negative consequences of scientific uncertainty are important objects of modern government risk regulations. Under the pressure of the mad cow disease crisis and genetically modified crops debates,EU has carried out risk regulation reforms,which established the risk governance model including the basic principle of precautionary,the basic framework of risk analysis,and the main objective of trust rebuild. The core of EU risk governance lies in reshaping the relationship between science and politics,and taking into account both the scientific rationality and the responsiveness and responsibility of democratic politics,which reflects the demand of"democratization of expertise". The enlightenment of EU’s experiences to China is that we need to break scientific determinism,coordinate the relationship between science and politics in risk regulation,establish effective risk communication mechanisms,and ensure the public’s substantive participation.