鲜食葡萄化肥施用技术效率测算及空间特征分析

Chemical fertilizer technical efficiency for table grape production and its spatial characteristics

为了定量测算我国鲜食葡萄生产中的化肥施用技术效率并探索其空间特征,首先构建了基于随机前沿分析的化肥施用技术效率测算模型和基于空间自相关的化肥施用技术效率空间特征分析方法,通过葡萄种植户的生产记录获得了连续5年的生产数据,并对不同栽培模式下葡萄生产的化肥施用技术效率进行了实证测算。研究结果显示:2011—2015年我国鲜食葡萄化肥施用技术效率分别为0.332、0.382、0.349、0.361、0.336,年度间变化幅度不大;露地栽培与设施栽培的5年化肥施用技术平均效率分别为0.390、0.313;新疆、山东、四川、云南、湖北等地的露地葡萄和设施葡萄2种栽培方式的化肥施用技术效率都相对较高;全局空间自相关分析通过了显著性检验且全局Moran’s I指数大于0。总体来看,我国鲜食葡萄生产的化肥施用技术效率不高,且近5年来没有明显提高趋势,露地栽培的化肥施用技术效率略高于设施栽培,各地化肥施用技术效率呈现正的空间相关性且呈现区域聚集特征,这启示我们应结合不同种植区和不同栽培模式的实际情况,优化化肥投入、提高化肥施用技术效率。

In order to quantitatively estimate the technical efficiency of chemical fertilizer application and explore its spatial characteristics in the production of table grape in China,and to provide support for increasing the fertilizer technical efficiency,we first identified the key inputs and outputs in the production of table grapes according to the actual production,and established a model to evaluate the technical efficiency of fertilizer application based on SFA and spatial characteristics based on spatial autocorrelation.The empirical data were obtained,and then the fertilizer technical efficiencies in different years,different areas and different cultivation patterns of table grape production were calculated.Finally,ArcGIS and OpenGeoDA software were adopted to explore the spatial distribution of fertilizer efficiency in different cultivation modes.The evaluation results that the chemical technical efficiency from 2011 to 2015 are 0.332,0.382,0.349,0.361,0.336,and there are little changes between years and years obviously.In general,the fertilizer technical efficiency of Chinese table grapes is relatively low.From the perspective of cultivation mode,the average fertilizer technical efficiency of open field grapes from 2011 to 2015 is 0.390 and the average of protected grapes is 0.313,it shows that the utilization efficiency of chemical fertilizer in open field grapes is higher than that of protected grapes.From the perspective of planting area,the fertilizer technical efficiency of both open-field grapes and protected grapes in Xinjiang,Shandong,Sichuan,Yunnan and Hubei are relatively higher.The results of global spatial autocorrelation analysis showed that there is a positive spatial correlation between fertilizer technical efficiencies,while the global Moran’s I index is not high,which shows that there are differences among the provinces,but the differences are not significant.Overall,the chemical fertilizer technical efficiency for table grape production is not high,and there has been no significant increase in the past five years,so there is still much room to be promoted.