三代巫文化范式转型刍议——以礼乐和占筮为中心

On the Transformation of the Paradigms of the Witchery Culture of the Three Dynasties:Focusing on the Rites,Music,and Divination

就三代文化而言,夏、商、周的文化模式虽有所不同,但却呈现出一种连续性的气质,这种连续性乃是由三代文化共同的源头——巫文化所决定的。在三代之际,巫文化范式的转型有两个因素至关重要:第一,由祭祀发展而来的礼乐制度,这一制度一方面延续了巫文化的宗教信仰成分,另一方面又凸显出人的自主性,这套制度使得巫文化的重心由天道向人事靠拢,由事天向治人转化。第二,以卜筮尤其是《周易》为代表的术数文化,以"数"与"象"为基础,构建了一整套对神明也起制约作用的宇宙法则,成为人们认识世界的重要方式,为人类从宗教迷信走向理性思考提供了可能。

Although the cultural patterns of the three dynasties of the Xia(c.2070-c.1600BCE),Shang(c.1600-1046BCE),and Zhou(1046-256BCE)were to some extent different,a kind of succession of them can be easily seen,which was determined by the common source- witchery culture shared by the tree dynasties.In the transitions between the three dynasties,there were two most crucial factors for the transformation of the cultural paradigms:One was the system of rites and music developed from sacrifice,which,one the one hand,succeeded religious belief of the witchery culture,and highlighted autonomy of humankind on the other,and made the center of witchery culture gravitate from the Dao(Way)of Heaven toward human affairs,and from offering sacrifices to heaven toward the ruling of human beings;One was the numerological culture represented by divination,particularly by the Zhou yi,which,on the basis of numbers and images,constructed a set of cosmic rules that could also restrict spiritual and numinous things.These rules became an important way of knowing the world and provided possibility for people to move from religious belief to rational thinking.