佛教“敬”的内向语义发展与程朱持敬论

The Semantic inward Development of the Buddhist "Jing" and the Theory of Cheng-Zhu's "Jing"

宋明儒者承继先秦儒学提出持敬论,把"敬"看作人格修养的方式之一。在先秦儒学中,"敬"主要表示谨慎谦卑、严肃认真的处世态度和行事方式,是道德伦理层面的要求,与宋明理学的"敬"有较大距离。考察佛经译本中"敬"字语义的变化发展,可以发现佛经中的"敬"除了表"礼敬"之外,还常常与"信""爱"等抽象心理动词连用,并由此感染了信奉、喜爱、爱戴等词义。这种语义发展的内向性特点,显然与佛教的心性论和工夫论有关。理学心性论受佛教的影响较大,可以说,佛教"敬"的内向语义发展为程朱持敬论的提出做了语义上的准备。

The Song-Ming Confucianists inherited the traditional Confucian ideology of the pre-Qin dynasty and proposed"chijing"theory,treating"Jing"as a way of personality cultivation.And"Jing"mainly expressed the attitude of cautiousness,seriousness,and manner of doing things in the Confucian culture in the pre-Qin period.It is the external requirement of morality and ethics.There is a greater distance from the respectful meaning of respect.Through the study of the semantic development and changes in"Jing"in the translation of Buddhist scriptures,we found that the"Jing"in Buddhist scriptures is often used in conjunction with abstract psychological verbs such as"faith"and"love",in addition to the use of courtesy,and thus infected with the meanings of faith and love,etc.Its semantic development is characterized by inwardness,which is an important manifestation of the theory of Buddhist mind and moral cultivation.The Neo-Confucians of the Song and Ming dynasties developed the Theory of Mind on the basis of the Confucian morality and ethics and were greatly influenced by Buddhism.It can be said that the development of the inward-looking semantics of Buddhism"Jing"is a good preparation for the proposal of the theory of Cheng-Zhu’s"Jing".