现代汉语同义词的竞争规律及其影响因素

The Competition of Synonyms in Chinese Mandarin and Its Influencing Factors

基于70余年的《人民日报》语料,本文考察了100多组现代汉语同义词的动态竞争关系,分析归纳了竞争规律及其影响因素。研究发现,绝大部分同义词会并存,但有主辅之分。哪个词在竞争中取胜取决于经济原则,词义透明、表义明晰、符合汉语词韵律模式的词竞争力更强。竞争受多种因素影响,其中词义透明度和词长影响最大。词义透明度主要由构词语素的示意度、流行度和词的规则性决定。

Drawing on the corpus of People’s Daily from 1949 to 2016,this study investigates the dynamic competitive relationship of more than one hundred sets of synonyms in Chinese Mandarin and attempts to find out the competition rules and relevant influencing factors. The results show that most synonyms coexist in the long term,but one of them may be more frequently used. The prominence of the word in competition depends largely on the principle of economy. Generally,words that are transparent with clear meanings and those conform to the prosodic pattern of Chinese Mandarin Chinese are more competitive. Among the manifold factors,semantic transparency and length of words are the most influential. Semantic transparency is mainly determined by the meaning and popularity of the morphemes,as well as the rules of Chinese morphology.