胫骨平台骨折患者围手术期下肢深静脉血栓形成发生规律及危险因素分析

Incidence and risk factors of deep venous thrombosis in lower extremity in patients with tibial plateau fracture

目的探讨胫骨平台骨折患者围手术期下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)发生规律及相关危险因素。方法回顾性分析2014年9月至2017年12月期间西安交通大学附属西安市红会医院创伤骨科收治的148例胫骨平台骨折患者资料。男90例,女58例;年龄为19~83岁,平均(47.2±13.1)岁。根据胫骨平台骨折Schatzker分型:Ⅰ型24例,Ⅱ型17例,Ⅲ型25例,Ⅳ型29例,Ⅴ型34例,Ⅵ型19例。分别在术前、术后进行双下肢静脉超声判断DVT的发生情况,并对与DVT发生可能相关的因素进行统计学分析。先采用单因素分析筛选危险因素,再采用多因素logistic回归分析确定主要的独立危险因素。结果术前DVT发生率为43.92%(65/148),术后DVT发生率为52.70%(78/148),均以远端血栓为主。年龄(OR=1.043,95%CI1.015~1.072,P=0.002)和入院D-二聚体(OR=1.219,95%CI1.009~1.473,P=0.040)是术前形成DVT的独立危险因素;年龄(OR=1.075,95%CI1.042~1.110,P=0.000)、手术时间(OR=0.994,95%CI0.989~0.999,P=0.016)、术后1dD-二聚体(OR=1.135,95%CI1.025~1.258,P=0.015)和术后3dD-二聚体(OR=1.366,95%CI1.008~1.853,P=0.044)是术后形成DVT的独立危险因素。结论胫骨平台骨折患者围手术期下肢DVT的发生率较高,但以远端血栓为主。对于骨折患者(尤其是中老年患者)应通过D-二聚体动态监测结合下肢静脉超声早期诊断有无DVT的发生,对于存在下肢DVT的患者在保证良好的手术质量的前提下酌情加快手术进度,以降低术后下肢DVT的发生率。

Objective To investigate the incidence and risk factors of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in lower extremity in patients with tibial plateau fracture. Methods The data from 148 patients with tibial plateau fracture were retrospectively analyzed who had been admitted to the Department of Orthopaedic Trauma,Honghui Hospital between September 2014 and December 2017.They were 90 males and 58 females,aged from 19 to 83 years (average,47.2±13.1 years).According to the Schatzker classification of tibial plateau fractures,24 cases belonged to type Ⅰ,17 to type Ⅱ,25 to type Ⅲ,29 to type Ⅳ,34 to type Ⅴ,and 19 to type Ⅵ.The incidence of DVT was detected by venous ultrasound of bilateral lower extremities before and after surgery.The factors related to the occurrence of DVT were statistically analyzed.Univariate analysis was used to determine risk factors,and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the primary independent risk factors. Results The preoperative DVT incidence was 43.92% (65/148) and the postoperative DVT incidence 52.70% (78/148).Distal thrombus predominated both preoperatively and postoperatively.Age (OR=1.043,95%CI 1.015~1.072,P=0.002) and D-dimer level upon admission(OR=1.219,95%CI 1.009~1.473,P=0.040) were independent risk factors for preoperative DVT formation;age (OR=1.075,95%CI 1.042~1.110,P=0.000),operative time (OR=0.994,95%CI 0.989~0.999,P=0.016),D-dimer level at 1 day postoperatively (OR=1.135,95%CI 1.025~1.258,P=0.015) and at 3 days postoperatively (OR=1.366,95%CI 1.008~1.853,P=0.044) were independent risk factors for postoperative DVT. Conclusions The incidence of DVT in the lower ex-tremity may be high in patients with tibial plateau fracture.Distal thrombus is the main manifestation.In fracture patients,especially the middle-aged and elderly ones,dynamic monitoring of D-dimer level should be combined with lower extremity venous ultrasound for early diagnosis of DVT.In patients with lower extremity DVT,surgical progress should be accelerated on the basis of good surgical quality to reduce the incidence of postoperative lower extremity DVT.