主要作物远缘杂交概况

Distant crosses of staple crops.A review

本文综述了水稻、小麦、玉米、棉花、大豆等作物的远缘杂交的概况。这五种作物远缘杂交中,利用的野生近缘植物有水稻的尼瓦拉野生稻、普通野生稻和药用野生稻,小麦的黑麦、偃麦草、冰草、山羊草、簇毛麦、赖草、鹅观草、新麦草、旱麦草,玉米的类玉米和摩擦禾,棉花的墨西哥野生棉、异常棉、瑟伯氏棉、李奇蒙德氏棉、司笃克氏棉和比克氏棉,大豆的野生大豆和半野生大豆。通过远缘杂交获得了新物种如小偃麦、亚比棉等,还获得了大批异附加系、异代换系、易位系等种质材料,以及生产上推广的优良品种。

This paper describes distant crosses of staple crops including rice,wheat, maize,cotton and soybean.Among distant crosses of rice,wild species of Oryza nivara Sharma et Shastry,O.rufipogon W.Griffith and O.officinalis Wall.ex Watt were used. For distant crosses of wheat,a lot of wild relatives were used,such as Secale L.,Elytrigia Desv.,Agropyron Gaertn.,Aegilops L.,Haynaldia Schur,Leymus Hochst.,Roegneria C.Koch.,Psathyrostachys Nevski,Eremopyrum Jaub.et Spach.For distant crosses of maize,Zea mexicana Schrad.and Tripsacum L.were used.For cotton distant crosses, Gossypium thurberi Tod.,G.hirsutum ssp.aexicanurn,G,anomalum Wawra & Peyr.,G. hirsutum race richmondii,G.stocksii Mast.and G.bickii Prokh.were used.Similarly,among distant crosses of soybean,Glycine soja Sieb.et Zucc.and G.gracilis Skv.were also used. Through distant crosses,some new species such as Trititrigia and new species of cotton synthesized by G.bickii Prokh.and G.arboreum L.were created.In addition,lots of new ge- netically enhanced materials of alien addition lines,alien substitution lines,translocation lines were obtained and some new varieties have already been used in production.