中国含油气盆地构造分析主要进展与展望

Main Progress and Prospects of the Structural Analysis of Petroliferous Basins in China

本文简要总结了中国含油气盆地构造分析的主要进展。中国区域大地构造理论特别是板块构造理论,对于指导盆地构造研究起了重要作用。通过各种地球物理探测方法,揭示了中国含油气盆地的上地幔结构、地壳结构、基底结构及其与盖层构造的关系。中国含油气盆地在地质历史中的演化过程十分复杂,伸展盆地、前陆盆地、走滑盆地、克拉通盆地和叠合盆地具有各自独特的地球动力学系统。构造样式分析是盆地构造分析的重要方面,直接与寻找油气圈闭有关,可以划分出伸展构造、挤压构造、走滑构造、反转构造和潜山-披覆构造等。断裂和不整合是盆地中的重要构造要素,控制着油气运聚成藏。叠合盆地多期成盆、多期改造造成的复杂构造图像,是中国含油气盆地的重要特色之一。展望21世纪中国油气盆地构造分析,需要重点关注的是:叠合盆地形成演化的地球动力学过程分析;盆-山耦合过程和深部-浅部耦合过程分析;盆地三维构造精细描述和盆地模拟技术;盐构造和天然气构造分析。

Main progress in basin structural analysis in China is briefly summarized in this paper. The regional tectonic theory, especially plate tectonics, plays an important role in the study of basin structure. The relationship of upper mantle, earth's crust, basement and cover is revealed by various geophysical methods. Different basin types are formed by different geodynamic systems. Cenozoic extensional basins are dominant in eastern China. Meso - Cenozoic foreland basins mainly occurred in western China. Strike-slip basins have a bearing upon large-scale wrench fault belts, such as the Tan-Lu and Altun faults. The evolution of the Paleozoic intra-cratonic marine basins is attributed to polycyclic extension, subduction and collision. Superimposed basins are characterized by the complex evolution process in the geological history. The analysis of structural styles is related to the discovery of oil-gas traps. It is indicated that the main structural styles include extensional, compressional, strike-slip, inversion tectonics and buried hills-drape anticline assemblage. Fault belts and unconformities are important elements controlling hydrocarbon migration and accumulation. As looking into the basin structural analysis of the 21st century in China, attention should be paid to the following aspects: (1) analysis on geodynamic process of formation and evolution of superimposed basins. (2) basin-mountain coupling and depth-shallow (upper mantle-crust-cover) coupling; (3) 3-D basin structural description and basin modeling techniques; and (4) analysis of salt tectonics and gas traps.