游戏、自由与戏剧美——康德与席勒的喜剧观比较

Game,Freedom and the Beauty of Drama——A contrast be'S comic theory

从比较的角度,阐明康德与席勒喜剧观念的区别与联系。两位美学家都看到了喜剧与游戏、自由的内在关联,而具体的阐释和结论却迥然有别。康德注重笑作用于人的心理和生理机制的娱乐性功能,他所抽象出的笑的心理模式,揭示了审美主体与对象之间的心理错位,同时也带有形式主义的倾向。席勒强调喜剧艺术通过独特的途径为人提供精神自由和完善人性的社会作用,将喜剧的任务确定为在人们心中产生和维护心灵的自由,并为此提出了可资借鉴的创作主张,同时他还揭示出喜剧性事物自身的矛盾及其与社会环境的矛盾。二者理论发现的意义不仅在于他们所构成的互补,更在于后者对前者的超越及其对后人的启示。

This article expounds the distinction and association between kant and Schiller抯 comic theories. Both of them have detected the internal association between comedy and game freedom but their interpret and conclusion vary greatly: Kant emphasizes the recreational function that laugh works on people抯 psychological and physiological mechanism. The psychological pattern of laugh he concluded from his study, with a tendency of formalism, reveals the psychological dislocation between the aesthetic subject and object. Schiller, quite differently, sets forth that the task of comedy is to provide people with spiritual freedom and to perfect the humanity through its unique approach. Schiller exposes simultaneously the contradiction of comedy itself and its contradiction with the social environment. In conclusion, the significance of the discoveries of the two theories consists not only in their mutual complement but also in the development of the latter theory as well as the enlightment it brings to the later generations.