1[1]Bonnet E,Vesinet C.How can we improve the efficacy of morphine analgesia without increasing adverse effects?Can Anaesthesiol,1994,42:191-194.
2[2]Sumihisa A,Tomohiro Y,Hiroshi B,et al.Preemptive analgesia by intravenous low-dose ketamine and epidural morphine in gastrectomy.Anesthesiology,2000,92:312-324.
3[3]Kentaro T,Phillip J,Michael F,et al.Mood during epidural patient-controlled analgesia with morphine or fentanyl.Anesthesiology,2000,92:1624-1630.
4[4]Paola S,Mauro B,Leda G,et al.The effects of tramadol and morphine on immune responses and pain after surgery in cancer patients.Anesth Analg,2000,90:1411-1414.
5[5]Clive H,Wilder S,Lauren H,et al.Effects of morpbine and tramadol on somatic and visceral sensory function and gastrointestinal motility after abdominal surgery.Anesthesiology,1999,91:639-647.
6[6]Warren P,Taylor J,Nicholson K,et al.Influence of tramadol on the ventilatory response to hypoxia in humans.Br J Anaesth, 2000,85:211-216.
7[7]Wilder C,Wilder O,Farschtschian M,et al.Preoperative adjuvant epidural tramadol:the effect of different doeses on postoperative analgesia and pain processing.Acta Anesthesiol Scand,1998,42:299-305.
9DW. Cooper, DM. Ryall, et al. Patient controlled extradural analgesia with bupivacaine, fentany, or amixtue of both, after cesarean section [J]. Br J of Anesthesia, 1996,76: 611-615