试论现代土宜科学与地区名优农产品开发

On Land Suitability Science and Development of Native Agro-specialities

为了促进我国农业结构调整而发展适于该地区的名优农(畜)产品的需要,首先从地区名优农(畜)产品形成的生态条件分析,进而将我国原传统的土壤适宜性概念拓展到现代的土地适宜性,称之为现代土宜。并提出了“现代土宜科学是研究地区名优农(畜)产品经济生物学性状的生理及其阶段发育对土地生态要求和相应管理措施的应用技术学科”的定义。其次将名优农(畜)产品的经济生物学性状的生态要求采用了地理性的多层阶分级与分区方法,从宏观气候带的一般生境适宜(SE4)到区域气候和土壤性状的品质特优适宜(SE1)和灾害或土壤特性不适宜(SE0)等的名优农(畜)产品土地适宜评级(SE)的5级制,使名优产品的土地适宜性评级开始有了有序的理论阐述及可行性框架,并以我国名产的燕山板栗、四川和三峡的柑桔进行了实例定性评价,由于它系统采用土壤地理的逐阶接近法的方法论而明显有别于FAO的土地适宜性评价(S)框架。最后本文简要介绍了用于名优农(畜)产品开发的土宜性调查与土宜性土地利用规划的工作方法与原则,以加强现代土宜科学在提高地区农(畜)产品质量为中心的农业结构调整的工作速度与科学基础。

In order to develop the native agro-specialities for the regulation of agricultural structure in China. Firstly, after the form factors analysis in the native agro-specialities, this paper developed the concept of suitability of native agro-specialities from the soil suitability that came from the traditional ideas of China into the modern land suitability in the world. So they called it as the modern land suitability of the native agro-specialities, and gave a definition as:'the modern land suitability of native agro-specialities is the applied technological science about studying the bio-physiological and ecological demand of the economic-biological characteristic in growth stage for the native agro-specialities as well as the corresponding technology of management'. Secondly, this paper took these ecological demands of the economic-biologic characteristics of native agro-speciatistics into multicategories and regional divisions in geographical principle from habitat. The habitat ecological condition in maroclimate zone for general land suitability (SE4) to the quality ecological condition in micro climate and soil properties for excellent land suitability (SE1), till to the unsuitable condition(SEO) in some conditional calamities or soil properties. This system may be divided into five levels. It gave the systematic theorical illustration and feasible framework for the land suitability evaluation of the native agro-specialities, as the Chinese chestnut and orange were taken as the examples for systematic illustration. So itwas quite different from the frame for land evaluation in land suitability of FAO, because they took the methodology in the stepwise approachable method of soil geography. At last, in order to enhance the speed of regulation of agricultural structure and the scientific foundation of quality improvement in local agricultural products, this paper briefly introduced some methods and principles in land survey and land planning for land suitability.