麦类作物遗传转化(英)

Genetic Transformation in Triticeae Crops

麦类作物包括小麦 (TriticumaestivumL .)、硬粒小麦 (Triticumturgidumconv .durumDest.e.m)、大麦 (HordeumvulgareL .)、黑麦 (SecalecerealL .)、燕麦 (AvenasativaL .)及小大麦 (×TritordeumAschersonetGraebuer.)。自从基因枪被发明以来 ,科学家们已经利用来自麦类作物的幼胚、盾片、成熟种子胚、花粉粒、花药、幼穗、叶基组织、发芽种子幼苗的顶端分生组织及其愈伤组织或培养物作为外植体 ,通过基因枪、农杆菌介导、PEG法、电激法、微注射法、硅化纤维素介导、幼穗注射法等技术先后将一些选择标记基因、报告基因和有用的目的基因如抗真菌、抗虫、籽粒品质、抗干旱基因等转化到麦类作物中。转基因植物表现为抗性增强或籽粒的加工品质提高和营养成份增加。被转化的基因通常以单位点多拷贝的形式随机整合到受体细胞的基因组中 ,并以孟德尔规律遗传。整合位点一般分布在染色体的近端粒区域 ,整合的拷贝数大多为 5～ 10个拷贝 ,最高可达到 5 0个拷贝。在转化过程中 ,被转化的质粒上的片段包括选择标记基因、目标基因、甚至质粒的抗生素基因和其他无关序列 ,随机地连接并形成多个分子量大小不等 ,组成成分不同的分子簇 ,或首先由其中一个分子簇整合到植物基因组中 ,这会导致在整合位点附近产生“热点?

Wheat, triticale, tritordeum, barley, oat and rye are the most important crops in human consumptions and industry in the world. Transformation technology supplies a new source of improving Triticeae crops. In the past decade, transformation of wheat crops has considerably progressed. Many transgenic plants of Triticeae crops with various genes were produced via nricroprojectile bombardment, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, PEG-uptake DNA technique, electroporation, microinjection, injection inflorescence and silicone carbide. Integration and expression of transgenes, inheritance and variation of transgenic plants have been studied. Technical improvements of genetic transformation for wheat crops will be extensively useful in commerce and benefit significantly to human being in the world.