天山北麓灌溉绿洲的形成和发展

Formation and Development of the Artificially Irrigated Oases in the Northern Piedmont of the Tianshan Mountains

17世纪以前 ,天山北麓是以牧为主地区 ,由“兵屯”建立的古代绿洲仅在交通要道呈星、点分布 ,且屡兴屡废。 18～ 2 0世纪中叶 ,由清朝到民国 ,大力发展屯田 ,使社会发展进入半农半牧时期 ,这时形成的旧绿洲 ,呈断续岛状小片。 194 9年以后 ,由大规模农垦建立的新绿洲群 ,把分散小片旧绿洲联结在一起 ,形成与天山相平行绿洲带。本区绿洲形成特点是由屯垦和内地移民发展起来 ,起步虽晚 ,但发展很快 ;而且古绿洲、旧绿洲和新绿洲之间有延续性 ,不象塔里木盆地的很多古代绿洲已沦为沙漠、戈壁或风蚀地。

Before the 1600′s, the northern piedmont of the Tianshan Mountains was an area dominated by animal husbandry, the paleo oases opened up by the 'station troops' were spottily distributed along the traffic routes and were frequently abandoned. During the period from the 1700′s to the mid 1900′s, except the reclamation of the 'station troops', the major efforts were devoted by the 'local people' to open up the wasteland, which made the social development here to enter the period of semi farming and semi grazing. The old oases formed during this period were intermittently distributed in a small area. After 1949, the old, decentralized and small sized oases have been connected by the new oases through the large scale land reclamation and cultivation, and the oasis group and belt paralleling the Tianshan Mountains have formed. The oases in this region are mainly developed by the immigrants from other provinces, and they are developed very rapidly. Moreover, there is a continuity from the paleo oases to the old and new oases, which is quite different from the situation of many paleo oases in Tarim Basin because they have evoluted as the deserts, gobi deserts, and wind erosion lands.