水痘及其免疫预防研究进展

A Literature Review of Varicella and the Immunization Progress of the Disease

水痘 (Varicella)是由水痘 -带状疱疹病毒 (Varicella zostervirus,VZV)引起的急性传染病。水痘的病原体(VZV)可以通过喷嚏、咳嗽飞沫等经呼吸道传播 ,或直接接触传播。病人通常在发病前几天至疱疹干燥结痂为止 ,具有很强的传染性。一旦在易感人群中出现 1例水痘病人 ,就很难预防水痘在该群体中的爆发。现对水痘的病原学、流行病学、临床特征及免疫预防的研究进展进行了综述。认为目前水痘疫苗可以用于作为个体水平的预防接种 ,以保护易感青少年和成人免受VZV感染 ,也可以用于群体水平作为国家免疫规划的一部分 ,对所有儿童进行预防接种。但对个体水平的接种是不能够改变水痘的流行病学特征的 ,只有通过大面积的儿童常规免疫接种 ,水痘的流行病学特征才能发生根本性的变化 。

Varicella is a highly contagious disease caused by varicella zoster virus (VZV) This causative agent,the varicella zoster virus,is transmitted by droplets,aerosol,or direct contact,and the patients are usually contagious a few days before rash onset until the rash has crusted over Once a case has occurred in a susceptible population,it is very hard to prevent an outbreak This paper has reviewed on the causative agent,the epidemiology and the clinical manifestations of the disease and the progress of immunization Varicella vaccine may be used either at an individual level to protect susceptible adolescents and adults,or at a population level,to cover all children as part of a national immunization programme Vaccination of adolescents and adults will protect at risk individuals,but will not have a significant impact on the epidemiology of the disease on a population basis On the other hand,extensive use as a routine vaccine in children will have a significant impact on the epidemiology of the disease If sustained high coverage rate can be achieved,the disease may virtually disappear