纳米材料的概述、制备及其结构表征

Preparation and Structure Characterizations of Nanosized Materials

纳米材料在电子、光学、化工、陶瓷、生物和医药等诸多方面的重要应用而引起人们的高度重视。本文从以下3个方面加以论述。 一、纳米材料的概述:从分子识别、分子自组装、吸附分子与基底的相互关系、分子操作与分子器件的构筑,并通过具体的例证加以阐述,包括在STM操作下单分子反应;有机小分子在半导体表面的自指导生长;多肽-半导体表面特异性选择结合;生物分子/无机纳米组装体;光驱动多组分三维结构组装体;DNA分子机器。 二、纳米材料的若干制备方法和结构表征方法:制备方法包括:物理的蒸发冷凝法,分子束外延法(MBE),机械球磨法,扫描探针显微镜法(SPM)。化学的气相沉淀法(VCD),液相沉淀法,溶胶-凝胶法(Sol-gel),L-B膜法,自组装单分子层和表面图案化法,水热/溶剂热法,喷雾热解法,样板合成法或化学环境限制法及自组装法。 三、若干结构表征方法包括:X-射线法(XRD),扩展X射线精细结构吸收谱(EXAFS),X-射线光电子能谱(XPS),光谱法,扫描隧道显微镜/原子力显微镜(STM/AFM)和有机质谱法(OMS)。

Science and technique of nanoscale materials have been interested in their important potential applications, such as electricity, optics, chemistry industry, ceramic, medicine and so on. A basic concept and outline to some nano-technology and a variety of preparations and structure characterizations of the nanoscale materials are reviewed in this paper. The concept and nanotechnology include molecular cognition, molecular self-assembly, relation of the absorbent/substrate, molecular manipulation and architecture of molecular device, such as, self-directed growth of molecular nanostructure on silicon, selection of peptides with semiconductor binding specificity for directed nano-crystal assembly, hybrid organic-inorganic device(powering an inorganic nanodevice with a biomolecular moter), light-driven microfabrication assembly of multi-component, 3D structure by using optical tweezers and a DNA-fulled molecular machine made of DNA. These synthetic methods including MBE(molecular beam epitaxy), CVD(chemical vapor deposition), liquid phase deposition, Sol-Gel process, L-B(Langmuir-Blodgett) film technology, self-assembly single-molecular layer approaches, hydrothermal and solvenothermal methods, spray deposition, STM/AFM (scanning tunneling microscopy/atomic force microscopy) and so on, are described. Some structure characterization methods of these nanoscale materials including XRD(X-ray diffraction), EXAFS (extended X-ray absorption fine structure), XPS(X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy), IRS(infrared spectroscopy), Raman Spectroscopy, STM(scanning tunneling microscopy) and OMS(organic mass spectroscopy) are elucidated.