中国城市就业结构的特征及其演变

The Characteristics and Transformation of Urban Employment Structure in China

通过对 1 999年全国 6 6 7个城市就业结构的分析可以发现 ,我国就业仍然以工业为主 ,金融保险、房地产等第三产业就业比重较低。城市规模不同 ,就业结构也出现差异。规模越大 ,采掘业、建筑业、工业就业比重越小 ;金融保险、科教、行政等服务业比重越大。而商业、交通运输业比重相差较小。我国城市就业结构具有一定的地带差异 ,东部地带工业、金融保险、房地产业相对比较发达 ,从业职工比重较大 ;西部地带城市交通、文教及行政等方面所占比重较高。近 1 0年来 ,我国城市就业结构变化很大 ,总的趋势是科教文卫、商业等第三产业大幅增加 ,工业、行政等行业增长较慢。通过对全国各种行业就业的频率分布可知 ,除采掘业外 ,其它行业多呈正态分布 ,城市专业化程度较低。

With the entrance of World Trade Organization and the reform of national stated enterprises, urban employment problems in China will become more serious and the study of those problems will be of more significance for urban planning and decision makers. In 1999, 40 23% people worked in manufacture fields and only 1 66% were in real estate, finance and insurancefields. The employment structure was different in different size cities. The bigger a city was, the more people were employed in the science, teaching, government, finance, insurance and real estates. The smaller a city was, the more people were employed in mining, building and manufacture. In eastern coast areas, the industries of manufacture, finance, insurance and real estates were more developed and employed more people. In western areas, the employment percentage of science, teaching and government was larger. From 1989 to 1999, the urban employment structure changed dramatically with the increment of employment in science, teaching and government. And manufacture employment increased slowly. Except for mining industry, the distribution of employment percentage was normal by Nelson calculation, so the urban specialization was lower. With urban industrial structure transformation, employment structure will be more reasonable to accelerate rapid and sustainable development of cities.