论古汉语同义词的识同

On How to Distinguish Ancient Chinese Synonyms

识同是决定同义词辨释优劣高下的首要问题。在认识“一义相同”是同义词识同的标准后，就要解决如何识别一群词“一义相同”的问题。不少的研究者曾提出许多识同方法，但都由于不明同义词的正确界说和误解等义词而不能成功。事实上，从词义的相同程度，同义词可分理性意义等同而附加意义有异的异称词和理性意义有同中之异的一般同义词。对前一类，可围绕异名别称，用“同一概念”和“同一对象”两种识同法；对后一类，可围绕一个词义的主要、基本部分相同，用“浑言通义”识同法；还应该运用可共用于这两类的文献训诂材料识同法、古人替换使用识同法。

Distinguishing is a prerequisite for identifying whether the discrimination and interpretation of an- cient Chinese synonyms are good or bad. In understanding that 'only one meaning is the same',which is the criterion to distinguish synonyms, we will have tos solve the problem of how to distinguish a group of words for which only one meaning is the same. Many researchers came up with various related methods, which have proved futile, because they failed to understand how to define or name synonyms correctly and misunderstood the equivalents. This paper proposes two methods of distinguishing synonyms on the basis of others. Synonyms can be divided into two kinds: one being differently named words with the same rational meaning and different appended meaning and the other being normally named words with the same rational meaning in some cases but not in other cases. For the former kind, we can use the distinguishing methods of 'the same concept' and 'the same target', according to the different name and address. For the latter, we can use the method of generali- ty to explain' according to the main meaning and the basic meaning of their sameness. In addition, we can use the distinguishing metheds regarding critical interpretation of ancient texts and the'substitution' for both kinds.