高级社化后的“退社风波”及农村政策的调整

Quitting Incident" after Setting-up of Advanced Cooperatives and Adjustment in Countryside Policies

195 6年秋冬之后 ,中国农村出现了退社风波。农民退社既有合作化过程本身违背自愿互利原则和高级社缺乏管理经验、干部官僚主义、农民收入降低的表面原因 ,更有高级社本身脱离中国农村实际生产力水平的深层原因。针对农民退社 ,中央对农村政策进行了调整 ,采取了民主办社、增加自留地、调整社队规模、社会主义教育等办法。这些政策 ,对农村问题具有一定的针对性 ,但由于调整政策本身和当时历史条件的局限 ,调整没有坚持下去。

After the autumn and winter of 1956, there appeared the incident of farmers' quitting cooperatives in China's countryside. Behind the quitting incident, there are the superficial reasons such as mutual benefit principle was violated in the process of setting up cooperatives, as the advanced cooperatives lacked of administering experience, as there existed bureaucracy in leaders and as economic gains of farmers dropped. As well there is the deep reason that advanced cooperatives themselves were far away from the real productive force in China's countryside. To counter the farmers' quitting, the Party's Central Committee adjusted the policies in China's countryside taking measures such as running cooperatives democratically, increasing private-owned land, adjusting the scale of cooperatives and carrying out the socialist education. The policies could counter and solve the problems in countryside, but due to the limits of policy adjustment itself and historical conditions at the time, the adjustment was not carried out on.