生态恢复工程系统集成原理的一些理论分析

A Theoretical Approach to Integration Principles of Ecological Restoration Engineering

生态恢复是不同层次上退化生态系统的选择性再生与再发展过程 ,它包括人类主导作用下的生态系统恢复和自然主导下的生态恢复 ,它具有自然性、经济性、人文性和选择性。以生态经济原理为基础 ,首先提出了生态系统退化度与恢复度理论上存在的反 -S型关系 ,讨论了在统一矢量价值标尺下恢复演进过程的数学描述与恢复的判定准则。作者进一步讨论了生态恢复工程的一些系统集成原理 ,包括系统集成的技术流程、基本原则的关联组合体系、恢复技术的组装与集成体系、生态恢复模式的分类系统及其在生态集成管理体系下以成本约束、效益约束、尺度约束为核心的模式集成系统、生态恢复系统目标 -模式 (速度与路径 ) -成本 /效益

Ecological restoration is a process of selective regeneration and redevelopment of degraded ecosystems at multiple scales (degraded natural ecosystems and/or human ecosystems), which has two essential types: human-dominated vs natural-dominated ecosystems restoration.Based on the principles of ecological economics,the authors in this paper discuss the following issues on the principles of integration for ecological restoration engineering:Firstly, the authors present an inverse-S type relations between degree of ecosystems degradation and degree of ecosystems restoration, which shows that to the more extent the ecosystems degrade, and the less the degraded ecosystems can restore.To effectively describe quantitatively an overall process of ecological restoration, a scale of vector value to gauge the progress of degraded ecosystems restoration is presented and a mathematical expression of an ecological restoration progress with such an identical scale of vector value is established. From this mathematical formula, the restoration progress of degraded ecosystems depends upon its initial position or state to start its restoration, the speed or period of restoration, the constraints of costs,benefits,efficiencies and scales from physical, biological, chemical and human dimensions. The overall vector value of ecosystems restoration consists of three components: the value of restored ecosystems composition, that of restored ecosystems' structures and that of restored ecosystems' functions. The final endpoints where the process of restoration can arrive at may be identified as 4 types: (1) the level of homogeneity: degraded ecosystems may get to the position where it has the same/similar compositions, structure and functions as before its degradation; (2) the level of homotype: degraded ecosystems may get to the position where it has the same/similar structure and functions but the different compositions from before its degradation; (3) the level of iso-functionality: degraded ecosystems may get to the position where it has the same/similar ecological functions but the different compositions and structures from before its degradation; (4) the level of heterogeneity: degraded ecosystems may get to the position where it has different compositions, structures and functions from before its degradation. Based on the quantitative formula of the progress of ecosystems' restoration, a set of determinant criterions for the success of ecosystems' restoration are also discussed, which include a 4 components as restored ecosystems' capacities of self-maintenance, ecological integrity, self-regulation and self-organization. The former 3 components may be integrated as the capacity of restored ecosystems' health, and the last one as the capacity of self-developments.Ecological restoration is a kind of ecological integrated engineering, its procedure includes: investigations and diagnosis of degraded ecosystems, multiple ecological feasibility analyses of degraded ecosystems restoration, integrated planning and design of restoration engineering, integrated implementation of restoration engineering, post-restoration evaluation and ecological integration management system; one emphasized point is that the ecological integration management system should be essential to the overall process of restoration engineering. Ecological restoration should be rooted in some essential principles, for definite objectives of ecological restoration, these principles should be grouped, and be further integrated or combined. From this point of view, a grouping system of these principles are presented as follows:(1) Temporal related group: eco-niche principle, mesial effect principle, hierarchy principle, successional series principle, social equity principle etc.;(2) Spatial related group: edge effect principle, eco-niche principle, mesial effect principle, hierarchy principle, successional series principle, etc.;(3) Structural related group: key ecological factors ( there are some ecological factors that dominate the ecological restoration process), eco-nich