论古汉语两类被动式的特点

On the Characteristic of the Two Types of the Passive Mood of Ancient Chinese

文章从语意、结构独立性及其造句功能、语气等方面考察两大类被动式的特点。文章认为,一类重在客观性叙述,强调客观事实,且多是已然之事,即使是未然之事,亦非主观意愿;它的独立性及其造句功能较强,可独立成句,也可充当句子成份,可带补、宾语,也可接受状语修饰,除不用于目的句及极少用于选择句外,可用于其他任何复句;语气多为确定不移或确认语气,也可用疑问或反问语气。一类重在主观性陈说,强调主观意愿,绝非客观事实;它的独立性及其造句功能较差,不能独立成句,一般只能用于假设句、目的句及让步句中,不能用于其他语境;语气多为祈使语气。

The paper examines the characteristic of the two types of passive mood from the sense and the independence of structure and the function of making sentences ,the mood, etc . The paper considers that one type is objective narration which puts stress on stating the objective facts ,most of which have happened, or the matters that are not determined by subjective will. This passive mood is more independent in structure and stronger in the function of making sentences, which can be as an independent sentence or an independent element, or followed by complements and objects, or modified by adverbials , and used in any other sentences except that its in the objective sentences , seldom in the alternative sentences,which the mood is mostly fixed or affirmed, or interrogative and rhetorical. The other type is subjective narration which puts stress on expressing the subjective will, not objective facts, which is less independent and weak in the function of making sentences, which can not be as an indepentent sentence and which is used only in the ckuses of condition, the clauses of purpose, the clauses of concesion, but not in the other context and mostly it is in imperative mood.