休谟、康德和现代哲学的日常话语转向

Toward Everyday Discourse in Hume, Kant and Modern Philosophy

休谟和康德是两个最有可能被人放置在一起进行相提并论的近代哲学家。休谟完成了一次重大的近代哲学转向 ,从形而上学哲学转向日常生活话语 ,从神圣世界转向世俗世界。休谟对形而上学的批判 ,对知识范围的限定 ,对康德产生了直接影响。康德哲学则完成了另一次转向 :从经验论转向先验论和批判哲学。康德试图证明先验知识的可能性 ,并进而证明形而上学知识的可能性。通过对休谟经验论和康德批判哲学关系的比较 ,我们可以清晰地看到英国哲学对整个现代欧洲大陆哲学的关键影响。当代哲学的语言学转向可以在休谟哲学中找到明确的思想起源。

Hume and Kant are the two modern philosophers most likely to be discussed in juxtaposition. While the former turned the direction of philosophical studies from metaphysics to everyday discourse, from the divine to the secular world through his criticism of metaphysics and definition of knowledge, the latter pushed it further from empiricism to the a priori and critical philosophy by proving the possibility of the a prior or rational knowledge. This turning of direction gave further rise to the linguistic turn in modern Western philosophy.