尼罗河流域的水政治:历史与现实

Hydropolitics in the Nile River Basin: History and Reality

在跨境水资源的分配中,同一流域国家之间的权力关系是主要决定因素。埃及作为尼罗河流域最有权力的国家,长期以来主导着尼罗河流域的水政治,维持着符合其利益的尼罗河水资源分配机制。但20世纪末以来,随着尼罗河上游国家权力的上升,这一机制受到了挑战。上游国家开始实施自己的水资源开发计划,尼罗河流域的水资源开发格局发生了变化,上游与下游国家之间在水资源问题上的分歧不断凸显。下游国家坚持其对尼罗河水的既有权利不容谈判,而上游国家则主张所有流域国家都有平等的使用权,这使得覆盖整个尼罗河流域的全面法律机制难以建立。在多边合作机制缺失的情况下,流域国家倾向于采取单边行动来开发境内水资源。不断增长的水资源需求和单边水资源开发计划使尼罗河流域面临更大的不确定性。

The power relationship among countries in the same basin is the determining factor in the allocation of trans-border water resources. Remaining as the strongest power in the Nile Basin,Egypt has attained a position of hydro-hegemony in the basin and maintained the water allocation regime that best served its national interests. However,power of the upstream countries has been rising since the end of the 20th century,challenging this regime. The upstream countries have begun to conduct their own water exploitation projects,which has changed the picture of water exploitation in the basin.At the same time,the downstream countries diverge greatly from the upstream countries on the water utilization issue,which has become more obvious. While the downstream riparians insist that their acquired rights to the Nile water are unnegotiable,the upstream ones assert that all the riparians have equal rights to it. This dispute impedes progress on the comprehensive legal regime of the basin. Due to the lack of such a regime,the riparians tend to exploit water resources in their territories unilaterally.The Nile Basin is facing more uncertainty due to rising demands for water and unilateral water exploitation projects.