人的全面而自由发展与市民社会

Man and Civil Society: Universally Free Development

人的全面而自由发展是马克思在研究和批判市民社会中提出的,本质上属于政治哲学理论。这一理论包括两个层面的内容:其一是哲学理念层面的内容,主要探讨现代社会自由人性的建构问题;其二是社会制度层面的内容,主要探讨市民社会的发展与文明制度的变革问题。在第一个层面上,马克思否定了经济社会的异化现象,倡导个体的人格自由,从而把自由看做是现代社会的自由人性的建构,是一个充满矛盾的过程。在第二个层面上,马克思深入剖析了市民社会的内在结构,揭示了实现人的全面而自由发展的现实基础,指出市民社会的形式对人的全面而自由发展所起的最重要作用,就是为人的全面而自由发展创造了外环境和内环境。这两个方面的内容表明,在马克思那里,人的全面而自由发展是一场与制度的深刻变革相联系的伟大历史运动。所以,人的全面而自由发展不仅是一个物质文明和精神文明建设的问题,更是制度文明建设的问题。

The universally free development, which Marx founded in critically making the researches on civil society, essentially belongs to the philosophy of the politics. It includes the contents from the levels of the philosophical ideal and the social system. The former mainly makes the researches on the problem of the free human construction; the latter, the problems of the development of civil society and the change of the civilized system. On the first, Marx critically denied the alienable phenomena of the capital economic society and advocated the individual freedom in his personality. Thus, he thought the freedom as the reconstruction of free personality in the modern society, which is the course with full of the contradictions. On the second, Marx, by deeply analyzing the inter-construction of the civil society, revealed the real base that realized the human universally free development. He pointed out that the most important role of the form of the civil society to the human universally free development is to create the internal and external environments for the human universally free development. These show that, according Marx, the universally free development of man is the great historical movement with the profound change of the system. Therefore, it is not only about the problems of the construction in the material and moral civilization, but also in the system civilization.