中国野生葡萄资源在生产和育种中利用的概况

The Utilization of Chinese Wild Grape Species in Production and Breeding

中国自古就有采食葡萄野果的习惯。自从2000多年前葡萄的栽培种——欧亚种传入我国,国内原产野生葡萄逐渐失去重视,但其栽培利用在一些地方一直延续至今。刺葡萄是中国野生葡萄中果粒最大的一个种,因其耐湿热和抗病性强,在江西、福建、湖南、贵州等地区一直作为鲜食葡萄栽培利用至今。长期以来,毛葡萄在广西、湖北、陕西、西藏等地被用作生产独具地方特点的野葡萄酒。山葡萄在东北被用作酿酒原料的历史有90年以上。一些野生葡萄被用作抗性砧木育种的亲本材料。新中国成立以来,野生葡萄的栽培利用和遗传改良不断得到重视,实现了山葡萄的人工栽培,选育了大量优良单株,培育了一系列葡萄新品种,在我国葡萄产业发展中发挥了或正在发挥作用。本文对中国野生葡萄资源在遗传改良和栽培利用中的成就进行了总结,旨在引起葡萄育种工作者对中国原产野生葡萄的重视,加强中国野生葡萄在葡萄遗传改良中的利用。

China has a long history in the use of Vitis wild species. In chinese Vitis wild species,V. davidii not only has larger berry size,but also presents higher disease resistance and tolerance to hot climates,so it can be used as table grape directly. The people live in Jiangxi,Fujian,Hunan,and Guizhou provinces usually cultivate this kind of Vitis wild as a table grape. The fruit of several Vitis wild species have been used in winemaking in many parts of China,among which V. amurensis is the most valuable one. There are plenty of V. amurensis resources in Changbai Mountain. Some wineries have used this Vitis wild in winemaking for 90 years. Some species have been used as rootstocks and breeding materials for resistance to biotic and abiotic environmental factors. Considerable achievements in studying and utilizing wild grape germplasm resources have been made since the 1950＇s. V. amurensis was the first species to be successfully domesticated. Grape researchers did a series of selection and domestication studies on the species in the Northeast part of China,and after many years they had selected a series of fine varieties and types. At the same time,a series of work on cultivation and extension on the varieties of V. amurensis was carried out. Selection studies had also been conducted on V. quinquangularis Rehd. in the central part of China. Du＇ an winery of Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region,Zaoyang county of Hubei province,and Danfeng county of Shaanxi province use the fruit of V. quiquangularis to make the special wine. Wineries in Feixian county of Shandong province and Zuopgong county of Tibet use the local wild grapes as wine materials. This paper had reviewed the existing literatures and analyzed the utilization of Chinese wild grape species in production and breeding. The requirements of Chinese wild grape species for garpe genetic improviment were discussed.