第三人撤销之诉的制度逻辑

Institutional Logic of the System of Opposition by a Third Party

在有限的几个立法例中,第三人撤销之诉制度的建构逻辑主要有技术与程序保障观念两种,技术逻辑从解决判决效力扩张的正当化入手,以向受判决效力扩张影响的案外第三人提供程序救济为目的,实现个案正义是其特点;程序保障观念层面的逻辑则将价值判断作为制度核心,以案外第三人是否在前诉中获得了实质性程序保障为基准,作为向其提供事后程序救济的根据。我国新民事诉讼法引入的第三人撤销之诉制度,以抑制恶意诉讼为制度初衷,其针对性强,但也产生了制度功能不全的问题。因此,在实用主义逻辑下仍需遵循程序保障观念及技术逻辑进行制度安排,并寻求其与职权主义诉讼模式的结合点,在相关程序间处理好适用次序,使各程序相互配合。相对于执行异议、案外人申请再审等相关制度,第三人提起撤销之诉制度应体现补充性特点,成为案外第三人权利救济的最后的选择。

A study on a limited number of legislations that provide for the system of op- position by a third Party show two logic approaches to the construction of the system ： the technical logic approach and the conceptual logic approach. The former, takes the legitimacy of the expansion of the effect of judgment as its point of departure and aims to provide procedural remedy to third parties affected by the expansion of the effect of judgment, so as to realize justice in individual cases. The latter takes value judgment as its institutional core and the question of whether a third party have been provided enough substantive procedural safeguard in litigation as the criterion and basis for deciding whether or not to provide him with post procedural remedy. The new Chinese Civil Procedure Law introduces the system of opposition by a third party to inhibit malicious litigation. However, even under the logic of pragmatism, China still needs to make institutional arrangements in accordance with technical logic and conceptual logic, seek space for the application of the system under the ex officio litigation mode, and appropriately arrange the order of application among relevant procedures.