山西明代寺观壁画犁耕工具图像的科技内核——基于六郎庙、稷益庙壁画的主题研究

The Science and Technology Connotation Reflected in the Plowing Image of Taoist Temple Wall- paintings of the Ming Dynasty in Shanxi——A Case Study of Wall-paintings in Liulang anf Jiyi Temples

古代画师用精湛而细丽的笔法在六郎庙、稷益庙壁画中描绘了三幅"耕牛图",无论是双牛牵引的耦耕方式,还是单人操作的上曲辕犁,都详尽而具象地勾勒出明代农业耕犁工具的工艺结构型制和地域特征,其中包含着农耕犁具的物理力学特征。山西犁的区域多样性构成山西犁文化和耕犁的科学性,曲辕犁较直辕犁有六大革命性变化,既改善了犁的操作性和力学,也加强了工作效能。最为隐形的变化就是将犁的力学原理进行了变革。曲辕犁的最终形成是在宋代,在以后一直没有太大变化,犁耕农具是中国最为伟大的发明之一。稷益庙壁画轻便型三角犁是黄土高原多山丘陵地区的主要开垦农具。六郎庙壁画犁属于适合平原地区大面积耕种的重型框型犁。综观明代山西这两殿壁画,山西犁文化蕴涵着丰富的中国古代科技内涵,是中华犁文化科技发展中重要的组成部分,丰富了中国古代农业科技的历史图谱。

Three plowing ox paintings, painted with extraordinary skills and magnificent style, were found in the wall - paintings in Liulang Temple and Jiyi Temple. Either the plow pulled by two oxen or the Upper Curve - shafted Plow operated by one man, provided a detailed and vivid illustration about the engineering structure as well as the regional characteristics of plowing tools in the Ming Dynasty, especially the impressive mechanical characteristics. The plow＇ s regional diversity and scientific structure constitute Shanxi＇ s plow culture. Compared with the Straight -shafted Plow, the Curve -shafted Plow had six revolutionary advantages ,which facilitated operation, saved energy and improved efficiency. The most implicit innovation was the mechanical change in the plowing tools, which was one of the the great inventions in ancient China and the Curve - shafted Plows were invented during the Song Dynasty, without any obvious changes in the following dynasties. The convenient Triangled Plow, as illustrated on the wall -paintings in Jiyi Temple, used to be applied in the hilly areas on the loess plateau while the heavy -framed plow, as described on the wall -paintings in Liulang Temple ,was designed for the plain areas. From the above anal- ysis, the authors make the conclusion that the plow culture in Shanxi reflects rich scientific and technological elements, contributes to the plow history in China and enriches the historical atlas of ancient Chinese agricultural science and technology.