朝廷与地方的政策与利益——鸦片战争前对外贸易中的清代朝廷与地方关系

On the Policy and Interest between Imperial Court and Local Government——The Relationship between Imperial Court and Local Government before Opium War

鸦片战争之前近200年中,除了清初40年为剿郑而实施的严格海禁之外,官方对外贸易或多或少总在进行,走私贸易则无时无刻地以各种形式存在并发展起来。清廷并没有实施严格的闭关政策,也没有积极开关与世界市场对接,而是仍然坚持内陆文明中心的观念和天下天朝独尊的思想,以所谓柔远怀远应付由西方商人和殖民者推来的近代世界市场,采取有限控制和全面管制的政策,这就导致了为趋利而动的东南商民和沿海省份地方政府官吏的对策行为。

In the nearly 200 years before Opium War in the Qing Dynasty, except the strict ban on maritime trade to resist Zheng Chenggong, official foreign trade went on more or less, smuggle trade existed and developed in various forms all the time. Qing Dynasty did not carry out strict closed - door policy, and they didn＇ t open door pos- itively to connect with world market, but they insisted on the idea of inland civilization centre and the thinking of China was the paragon;they adopted the so -called conciliation policy to deal with the modem world market brought by western merchants and colonists, and carried on limited control and entire regulation policy, which resulted in the forprofit countermeasure behaviors of southeastern merchants and coastal provincial local officials.