先秦月令文体研究

A Study of the Writing Style from Monthly Ordinances in Pre-Qin Dynasty

战国晚期以《礼记·月令》为代表的月令文体,在知识资源上集前代天学知识之大成,在话语方式上建立了"以月系事"的新范式。先人在定义时间的过程中,也不断地建构着自身的存在方式,其中,《四方风》、《尧典》展现了月令的观念渊源,《周礼》、《十二月神图》则印证了月令的制度基础,《夏小正》是为月令的原始雏型,《礼记·月令》则为其成熟形态。传世的几种月令文献,体现出战国阴阳家对巫史知识资源的继承,它们独特的文体形态,则展现了上古天学知识、观念、制度相互生成的关系。因此,《月令》的写定是一个深具文化意义的过程,从中可以窥见先商到战国这段时期,知识观念的变迁以及社会阶层的变动是如何推动着文体的发展。

As a typical text of the Yin-＆-Yang theory, the Monthly Ordinances in the Book of Rites integrated the knowledge of the ancient astronomy and created a new writing style which can be summarized as ＂recordings under the order of the month＂. Kinds of sources of the Monthly Ordinances can be found in previous records;yet, following the prototype of the Farmer＇s Almanac ,a mature style of it was established but in the Book of Rites. The relevant documentaries reveal that the Naturalists inherited ancient astronomy knowledge from wizards,which has unique stylistic form and embodies the inter- action among astronomical knowledge,ideologies and politic systems. The written process of per se is also one immersed with deep cultural trait,from which one is able to obtain a glimpse of the changes in the ideas, knowledge and social class from Shang to the Eastern Zhou.