精微之笔与广大之势——中国诗学的审美感悟之二

Subtlety and Extension:An Aesthetic Thinking on Chinese Poetry

中国诗学中有许多关于"精微"和"广大"的评论。"精微"主要指"言内"的精深刻画描写;"广大"则是指"言外"的动态性张力,故又称为"精深之笔"和"广大之势"。"精微"包含了对于"物态"的精致而生动的表现,或表现为对人的情感、义理的微妙呈现。通过文字的媒介,把所写的事物表现得栩栩如生,在读者头脑中呈现鲜明活跃的内在视像,所谓"状溢目前"。"广大"既指空间上的,也指时间上的。并非具有"言外之意""韵外之致"的作品就可为"广大",而是指吸纳了宇宙生命和造化伟力的气势和境界。精微和广大似乎是诗中两极,但它们并非对立,也非互不相干,而相融互即、互为彰显,有机地构织在篇什之中。对于这个问题的把握,有普遍性的审美价值。

There are a lot of discussions about ＂ subtlety＂ and ＂ extension＂ in ancient Chinese poetics. ＂Subtlety＂ mainly refers to the detailed description within the texts, whereas ＂ extension＂ refers to the dynamic tension beyond the words. Therefore, they are also called ＂subtle writings＂ and ＂extended manners＂ respectively. ＂Subtlety＂ is a textual reproduction of the refined representation of ＂objects＂, or a delicate display of human emotion and reason. In other words, ＂subtlety＂ can vividly recreate internal images of target objects in the readers＂ minds through the textual media. This is so called ＂overwhelming sight before one＇s eyes＂. On the other hand, ＂extension＂ can be both spatial and temporal. But it does not mean that all the works with meanings beyond words are sufficiently extended. Instead, ＂extension＂ refers to the magnificent vista that has absorbed the universal energy and creational power. Although ＂subtlety＂ and ＂extension＂ seem to be the two polar extremes of a poem, they are not contrary to each other at all. However, they are of a highly dynamic interrelationship. They are dependent upon and supportive to each other, and are also organically intertwined with each other in the same piece of writing. Therefore, it is of great aesthetic significance to reveal and address this problem.