二重证据法与先秦诗乐学研究举隅

Some Notes on the Double-Evidence Method and the Study of Poetics in the Pre-Qin Dynasties

上博简《孔子诗论》分别以"不可不畏""其绝"肯定被宋儒列为"淫诗"的"郑风"《将仲子》和《褰裳》两诗,坐实了传世文献《论语》中孔子对全部《诗经》作品所作"思无邪"的肯定性评价,说明其"放郑声"应该不包括郑国诗歌。《孔子诗论》中孔子提出"诗亡隐志(诗言志),乐亡隐情(乐抒情),文亡隐意(文表意)"系统文艺本质论,与传世文献《诗经》"作诗言志"观念、《左传》"(赋)诗以言志"说法相印证,说明《尚书·尧典》提出我国诗歌理论开山纲领"诗言志"说的时间,当在孔子六岁至孔子提出如上诗、乐、文系统文艺本质理论时间段之内。

The bamboo slips entitled Confucius on the Book of Songs （《孔子诗论》）, which are kept by Shanghai Museum, record Confucius＇ appreciation of Qiangzhongzi （《将仲子》） and Qianshang （《褰裳》） in Zheng Songs （郑风） , which were classified as ＂ obscene poems＂ by Confucians in the Song Dynasty. Confucius affirmed Qiangzhongzi by saying ＂One cannot fear nothing＂ （不可不畏）, and affirmed Qianshang by saying ＂They have gone to extremes＂ （其绝）. This confirms Confucius＇ positive evaluation of all the poems from the Book of Songs （《诗经》） by saying that they are all ＂pure thought＂ （思无邪） in the Analects （《论语》） which has been handed down from generation to generation. And this also indicates that Confucius＇ negation of Zheng-music （郑声） does not mean the negation of the poems from the Zheng State （郑国）. In Confucius on the Book of Songs, he put forward his systematic theory about the nature of literature. Confucius stated that a poem expresses one＇s will （诗言志）, music expresses one＇s feelings （乐抒情）, and writing expresses one＇ s ideas （文表意）. These statements are in conformity with the view of ＂writing a poem to express one＇s will （作诗言志）＂ in the Book of Songs, and with the concept of ＂composing a poem to express one＇s will （赋诗以言志）＂ in Zuozhuan （《左传》） . Yao Dian in the Book of History （《尚书·尧典》） suggested that the view of ＂writing a poem to express one＇ s will＂, which was the originative outline of Chinese poetics, was initiated in the period between the time when Confucius was six- years-old and the time when he put forward his systematic theory about the nature of literature.