上海浦东东滩滩涂围垦后农业发展模式对春秋迁徙水鸟群落的影响

The Effect of Farming and Aquaculture Areas on Spring and Autumn Migratory Waterfowls in Reclaimed Dongtan Coastal Wetland of Pudong,Shanghai

为了解不同农业发展模式对春秋迁徙季水鸟的影响，选取上海浦东东滩地区自然滩涂、农业养殖塘和农业种植区作为研究区域，对2012年3～5月，9～11月春秋迁徙季的水鸟展开调查．调查结果表明：春秋迁徙季，鹆鹬类呈小群零散分布于自然滩涂和农业种植区的田间裸地，鹭类在不同类型生境均有分布．且不同类型生境中，春季迁徙水鸟在种类、密度、多样性和均匀度上差异显著；秋季迁徙水鸟在种类、密度上差异极显著，多样性和均匀度无显著差异．运用相关分析对农业种植区内秋季鹆鹬类种类、密度、多样性和均匀度等群落特征指数与调查区域内的平均水位、植被平均高度、植被盖度及裸地面积比等环境因子进行水鸟生境因子选择分析，秋季鹆鹬类密度与田间裸地面积比呈显著正相关，与其余生境因子无显著相关关系．根据迁徙水鸟对生境因子的需求，建议春季在引水渠内保持浅水位和一定面积泥滩，秋季在种植区配置斑块化稀疏稻田，为春秋迁徙水鸟提供栖息场所．

Shanghai Pudong Dongtan, located in the coastal wetland of the Yangtze River Estuary, is not only an important bird migratory stopover point, but also one of the sustainable enclosure key areas. After the coastal wetland reclamation was used for a variety of agricultural development patterns, including aquaculture pond and farming area. To understand the influence of farming and aquaculture areas in the spring and autumn migrant waterbirds in Dongtan wetland of Shanghai, the natural coastal wetlands, aquaculture ponds and farming areas were selected as the study sites to investigate the waterbird community diversity. The research was undertaken from March to May, September to November, 2012, and counted the waterbirds, qualified the habitat facts, e. g. vegetation coverage and water table, then, compared differences of waterbird community characteristics in farming and aquaculture areas, meanwhile, analyze the distribution of waterfowls in different habitats. The survey results show that, in spring and autumn migration seasons, shorebirds in small groups scattered in the natural coastal wetland and bare land of farming area, herons are distributed in different types of habitats. And in the different types of habitats, there were significant differences in species, density, diversity and evenness among spring migratory waterbirds~ but for autumn migratory waterbirds, there were only significant differences in species and density, no significant differences in diversity and evenness. Correlation analysis for autumn shorebird in farming area were undertaken between the waterbird characteristics （species, density, H~ and J ~） and the habitat factors （the average water level, the average height of the vegetation, vegetation cover and bare land area）, and the results showed that the shorebird density was significantly positively correlated with bare in farming land areas in autumn, but was no significant correlation with the rest of environmental factors. Based on the migrant waterbirds demanding for habitat factor, we can remain in shallow water of aqueducts and a certain area of bared mudflats in spring, and configure patches of bare land appropriately of farming area in autumn, as provided good habitats for shorebirds.