乌克兰危机的民族政治解读

Ethno-National Politics in Ukraine Crisis

乌克兰危机是民主政治、大国地缘政治博弈、民族政治等要素杂糅并复合互动的产物,作者从民族政治的角度对之加以解读。第一,历史上的民族积怨与对立是导致乌克兰危机的重要历史根源,但它在当下如何被"记忆"与"重新发现"才是理解这一根源的关键。第二,在乌克兰二十余年国家建设中,出现了国族主导与主体民族主导两种路径的张力与冲突,这是导致当前乌克兰危机的深层次国内政治根源。第三,在乌克兰民主实践中,出现了现代政党政治与传统民族政治合体的趋势,这一合体包含了内在张力,实际上是乌克兰国家转型不成熟的标志,这是当前乌克兰危机爆发的政治制度与政治文化根源。第四,不恰当地运用民族自决权,则是乌克兰危机迈向国际危机的重要根源。第五,从国内政治角度看,乌克兰危机源自国家建设的失败,其民族政治更应从国家建设意义上加以审视。鉴于乌克兰危机短时间难有转机,面对危机发酵以及后危机时代的冲突治理,民族政治因素的负面作用仍不容忽视,民族政治在未来的乌克兰政治生活中仍将是一个棘手的对象。

The Ukraine crisis can be seen as an outcome of either democratic politics, or geopolitical power games. However, it can also observed from the perspective of ethno-national politics. Firstly, ethnic hatred and confrontations in history are naturally the important cause of the crisis. However, how they are kept and revived in memory is the key to our perception of the cause. Secondly, the growing tension and conflicts between the state-led view of national development and the view held by the dominant ethnic groups over the past twenty years have been the primary domestic cause of Ukraine crisis. Thirdly, in terms of both its political system and cultural tradition, the integration of modern party politics and traditional ethno-national politics in Ukraine's democratic practice, a sign of immature transformation, has contributed a lot to the internal conflicts which led to the Ukrainian crisis. Fourthly, the abuse of national self-determination turned the Ukraine crisis into an international crisis. Fifthly, given that the Ukraine crisis is largely related to the failures in national development, any efforts in terms of ethno-national politics should be more focused thereon than otherwise. With slim chance in sight for immediate improvement of the situation, the country is still faced with possible escalation of the crisis and challenges in post-crisis conflict management, and as far as it can be seen, the negative effects of its ethno-national politics will remain a tough problem in future Ukrainian political life.