理念、理想与超验幻象——对康德有关理性的一些概念的澄清

The Idea, Ideal and Transcendent Illusion:Clarifications of Some Concepts in Kant's Theory of Reason

康德有关理性的理论不仅包括"理念",还包括"理想",二者之间的关系是:理想以理念为根据,但离感性直观和知性经验比理念更为遥远。理性在康德的哲学体系中处于一种很尴尬的境地。一方面,理念或理想处于认识的最高层次;另一方面它们不可避免地对人施加某种误导作用,即产生超验幻象。为了避免对理念或理想的误用,康德区分了理性的"范导原则"和"建构原则",但这种区分并未完全消除理念或理想的误导性。

Kant＇s theory of reason includes not only ＂ideas＂ but also ＂ideals.＂ The relation between them isthat the ideals are based on the ideas but are further removed from the sensible intuition and the understandingthan the latter. The faculty of reason is therefore in an awkward position in Kant＇s system of philosophy. On theone hand, the ideas （or the ideals） are placed on the highest level of cognition; on the other hand, the faculty ofreason is inevitably led astray by them, that is to say, into certain ＂transcendent illusions.＂ In order to avoid themisapplications of the ideas （or the ideals）, Kant makes a distinction between ＂the regulative principle＂ and ＂theconstitutive principle＂ of reason. However, the distinction does not eliminate the misleading nature of the ideas（or the ideals）.