中国太阳能资源和环境气象因子影响分析

Analysis of China's Solar Energy Resources and Environmental Meteorological Factors

太阳能资源是水电、风电之后的第三大可再生能源。在全球光伏发电中，2012年欧洲（70GW）占主要份额，约占全球的70％；其次是中国（8．3GW）、意大利（7．8GW）、美国（7．8GW）和日本（6．9GW）。2006年以来，中国新增装机容量年增长速度达200％-500％，远超过国际新增装机发展速度。分析了全球和中国光伏产业发展现状及中国太阳能资源分布特征。研究了中国太阳能资源的变化特征和影响太阳能资源开发利用的气象因子的时空变化特征，探讨了其对太阳能资源开发利用的可能影响。1961--1990年中国到达地面的太阳能呈减小趋势变化，1991—2000年呈增加趋势变化。气象因子（如云、沙尘、雾和霾）可能影响到达地面太阳能资源情况。在中国，总云量和低云均呈北少南多形式分布；近30年来，中国总云量略呈减少趋势变化。低云略呈增加趋势变化。沙尘天气主要发生在中国西北地区，沙尘日数呈明显的减少趋势变化。雾和霾主要发生在中国东南部区域的局部地区，近30年来，雾日明显减少，霾日快速增加。在中国不同区域，主要影响光伏发电效率的天气现象不同。其影响程度也有所不同．变化特征也不尽相同。

Solar energy resource is the third renewable energy following hydropower and wind power. Europe remained the world＇s leading region in terms of its cumulalive installed capacity, with more than 70 GW as of 2012, which represented about 70% of the worldJs cumulative PV capacity. Next in the ranking are China （8.3 GW） and the USA （7.8 GW）, followed by Japan （6.9 GW）. Since 2006, the annual growth rate of newly installed capacity of China has reached up to 200%-500%, far more than those of the other countries in the world. Based on a detailed analysis of the global and China PV industry development status, this paper studies the characteristics of solar resource reserves, China distribution and variation, as well as the environmental and meteorological factors influencing the utilization solar energy resources such as clouds, dust, fog and haze. There was a decreasing trend of reach the ground solar in China from 1961 to 1990, and an increasing trend from 1991 to 2000. The meteorological factors like clouds, dust, fog and haze may affect the situation of reach the ground solar. In China the total cloud and low cloud are less in the north and more in the south. The total cloud has shown a slightly decreasing trend and the low cloud a slightly increasing trend in China for the past 30 years. Sand and dust occur mainly in the Northwest China, and they have shown a significantly reduced trend. Fog and haze occur mainly in the local area of the Southeast China. Fog days have shown a significantly reduced trend, and haze a rapid increasing trend for the last 30 years. The different weather phenomena in different regions influence differently on the photovohaic power generation efficiency. It is highly recommended that specific analysis should be done before establishment of any photovohaic power station in order to better use resources and avoid unnecessary economic loss.