清末民国时期南疆地方行政建制改革与城市发展

Local Administrative System Reform and Urban Development of Southern Xinjiang from the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China

关于晚清新疆地方行政建制研究的论著较多,但较少有人将其与城市发展相联系。自古以来,中国的城市多为行政中心,城市的兴衰变化受到政治行政因素的影响甚巨,新疆虽然僻处西北边陲,但仍然表现出这一特性。南疆城市历史悠久,清代以后南疆由于特殊的区情,在地方行政行建制上实行的是军府制下的伯克制与札萨克制,伯克制与札萨克制在相当程度上制约了经济要素和社会要素在区域与城市之间的自由流动,因而制约了城市的发展。晚清新疆建省,在南疆以府县制取代伯克制及札萨克制,由此推动了南疆城市的发展。民国建立后,进一步发展以县制为主的地方行政制度,随着建制县数量的增加,城市数量也相应增加,城市规模也不断扩大,由此奠定了20世纪中叶以后南疆城市的发展格局和城市体系的雏形。

There are a lot of researches on the late Qing Xinjiang local administrative system, but few of them associated with urban development. Since ancient times, China＇s cities have been mostly the administrative centers, and the rise and fall of the city are affected by the changes of the political administrative factors. Although Xinjiang is located in the north- west frontier, it still exhibits the characteristics. Southern Xingjiang has a long history. After the Qing Dynasty, the Southern Xinjiang is in the implementation of Burke system and Zhasake system. These two systems restrict the free flow of economic factors and social factors between region and cities, thus restricting the development of the city. After Xin- jiang was established as province, Burke system and Zhasake system were replaced by the Prefecture-and-county system in Southern Xinjiang, thus promoting the development of the southern Xinjiang. Since the establishment of the Republic of China, the county system based on the local administrative system has been further developed. With the increasing number of counties formed, a corresponding increasing in the number of cities is also expanding, thus forming the urban development pattern and urban system in Southern Xinjiang in the mid 20th century.