从“至善”到“圆善”——论牟宗三对康德之最高善的融摄与超越

From the Supreme Good to the Perfect Good——Mou Zongsan Assimilates and Beyond Kant on the Highest Good

康德在《单纯理性限度内的宗教》中提出了"至善"论,其所论之最高善即德福一致。康德还进一步从人性论入手论述了善恶观、善与德福的关系等。康德之理论对牟宗三《圆善论》的创作提供了重要的启示与灵感。牟宗三先生吸纳和融摄了康德"德福一致"的思想内核,在思想脉络上与康德的内在逻辑相一致,但是,牟宗三关于最高善的实现过程与康德的观点相差甚远。康德道德哲学体系的建构借鉴的是基督教模式,其凭借"自由意志"、"灵魂不灭"、"上帝存在"来确保"至善"体系的建立;而牟宗三则从"圆善"和"无限智心"出发对康德"至善"的实现路径给予批判,并最终展示出一种完全不同于而超越于康德的"至善"进路。牟宗三以人皆可呈现之创生性的"无限智心"(仁心、道德本心)来消解康德的三大"设准";然后,牟先生会通中西,分判儒、释、道三教,最后归宗于儒;他以"道德本心"来挺立道德主体,重铸了德慧一致的圆善论体系。牟先生对康德"至善"思想作了消融及提升,构建了现代性的道德理想主义哲学。

In Religion within the Bounds of Pure Reason, Kant proposes the highest good-supreme goods which is the con- sistency of virtue and happiness, then explores the human nature, the relation between virtue and happiness. Kant＇s ＂supreme good＂ thoughts provides an inspiration for the creation of the supreme good. Mou Zongsan assimilates the supreme good theory. There is great similarities and inner consistency between them. But MouZongsan disagrees Kant in the realization of process of supreme goods. There are three Hypothesis in Kant＇s system.. Free will, immortality of the soul, the existence of God, which is typical Christian style. Mou Zongsan criticizes Kant with perfect good and infinite mind, exhibiting different route to reach supreme goods, and Mr. Mou proposes infinite mind （benevolence） to resolve and eliminate Kant＇s three postulates. Through intercommunciating the orient and the occident, he combines Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism and eventually returns to Confucianism, reconstructing the perfect good system of consistency between virtue and wisdom, so as to construct modern moral idealism philosophy.