亲属制度、神山与王权:吐蕃赞普神话的人类学分析

System of Kinship,Divine Mountains,and Kingship:An Anthropological Analysis of the Myths of Tibetan Btsan-Po

本文将吐蕃赞普的王权神话与人类学既有的神圣王权研究相比较,通过亲属制度的分析,指出恰神族与木神族的联姻关系,以及巫术王权与祭司王权的兄弟关系,是赞普神圣王权复杂内部结构的重要部分,回应了图齐的西藏神圣王权研究提出的弗雷泽式的解释,以及石泰安的葛兰官式解释。通过与巴厘王权研究的比较,本文分析了赞普的神圣性衰降的内在机制,以及赞普神话如何通过神山体系来回应等级衰落的压力。

This paper compared the divine kingship myths of Tibetan btsan-po with some classic studies of divine kingship in anthropology,especially Geertz's study of Bali.Through the analysis of the kinship of the gods in the myths,the paper pointed out that the marriage between the Phyva Family and dMu Family as well as the brotherhood between the magic kingship and priest kingship were the keys to describe and understand the complex structure of the Tibet kingship before the Buddhism came into the plateau.The paper also argued with Tucci that a Frazian explaination which focused on the fertility was not enough for the detailed study of the myths,so did the opinion of Stein who followed the approach of Granet to emphasize the conjugal relationship of the heaven and the earth.By the comparison with the myth of Balinese kingship,the paper discovered the mechanism of the king's declination in the hierarchy,and analyzed how the kings responded to this crisis by identifying with the divine mountains.