国家主权与现代政治秩序之基——德国的宗教改革与国家教会关系演变

Establishment of the Rights of a Country and the Basis of Modern Political Order——The German Religious Reform and the Evolution of State-Church Relations

宗教改革是通过国家与教会关系的革命性转变来克服德国主权被侵犯、国家利益被损害严重危机的一种努力。通过改革产生了新的国家—教会关系:在国家层面,纠正了教会凌驾于国家之上的错误,很大程度上摆脱了罗马教廷的控制,使政府在政治、经济、社会等各个领域全面地担负起了行政职责,形成了国家管理宗教事务的新型政教关系;在邦国层面,出现了带有近代早期色彩的领地国家;在城市和农村,出现了普通百姓掌权的共和国。通过政府对司法、教育、宗教、经济的全面管理,德国建立起较为完善的政治秩序,捍卫了国家主权和国家核心利益,从而奠定了向近代国家过渡的基础。

The German religious reform is an effort to overcome the severe crisis resulted from Germany＇s trampled sovereignty and damaged national interests through a revolutionary change in the state-church relations. The reform created new state-church relations that at the national level, the error that the church was put in a position higher above the state was corrected, making the government break away from the control of the Roman Church and assume administrative responsibilities in the political, economic, and social areas, and bringing about a new type of state-church relationship where the government manages religious affairs; at the state level, there emerged territorial states which were fully grown in the early modern history; in the city and countryside, there emerged republics which were governed by the ordinary people. With the government exercising comprehensive management of justice, education, religion, and economy, Germany established a good political order, and safeguarded national sovereignty and core interests, which laid the foundation for the transition to modern state.