旅游吸引物、旅游资源、旅游产品和旅游体验概念辨析

Concept Research on Tourism Nucleus,Tourism Resource,Tourism Product,and Tourism Experience

旅游吸引物、旅游资源、旅游产品、旅游体验都是旅游学的基本概念,但是,国内旅游学术界对这些概念的认识还没有取得共识。本文在对国内外相关文献进行述评的基础上,从旅游现象的"旅游系统"本质出发,构建并应用TNPRE关系模型,从相互区别与联系的视角对四个概念的定义进行了完善。核心观点为:旅游目的地和客源地的自然、经济、社会、文化、政治、技术等方面的显著差异是旅游吸引力产生的根本原因。旅游吸引物是与客源地的自然、经济、社会、文化、政治、技术具有显著差异、且能对客源地潜在游客产生旅游吸引力的目的地事物或现象。旅游资源是旅游目的地的自然和社会中凡能对客源地产生强烈的旅游吸引力,吸引到的游客规模能达到旅游业门槛人口,可产生经济效益、社会效益和环境效益的各种事物或现象。旅游产品分为整体产品和具体产品两种类型,其中,整体旅游产品指旅游业各部门联合提供给游客的一次完整的旅游活动,具体旅游产品指旅游业各部门为满足游客吃、住、行、游、购、娱等六大方面的具体旅游活动需求而分别提供的实物或服务。整体旅游产品由具体旅游产品整合而成,但不是具体旅游产品的简单加和,两者不能等同。旅游体验有游客个体旅游体验和人类旅游体验两种内涵,其中,游客个体旅游体验指游客个体从一次完整的旅游活动过程所获得的具体旅游体验,是非常丰富、多样化和个性化的;人类旅游体验指群体旅游体验,其本质是人类精神自由的最高境界"审美"。设计旅游产品(包括整体产品和具体产品)时,要从游客个体旅游体验出发;研究人类旅游体验时,要从人类旅游体验的一般性规律着手。旅游资源开发为旅游产品的真谛是站在人类发展的高度上为游客提供可以通往"审美"境界的具体体验。

Tourism nucleus, tourism resource, tourism product, and tourism experience are all core concept in tourism research, but the Chinese scholars have not gotten consistent opinions on them to date. After reviewing the related research papers published in China and international journals from 1976 to now, this paper presents a TNPRE relationship model to revise the definitions of the four concepts above based on the premise that the nature of tourism phenomenon is a selforganised, autonomous and delineated system composed by destinations and original places. The TNPRE relationship model is consist with three interrelated parts： the tourist original place, the tourism destination, and the tourism experience. The people in one place with travel motivation are attracted by the other place having palpable different nature, social, economic, political, cultural and/or technology elements, environ ment and phenomenon, that made one place becoming the tourist original place and the other place becoming the tourism destination. In other words, the tourist original place and the tourism destination are linked together by sus tained tourist flows between them. The tourist flows then became the tourism market for the tourism industry, which earn money from the tourist market through selling tourism products, the palpable different nature, social, econom ic, political, cultural and/or technology elements, environment and phenomenon became the tourism nucleus and some of the tourism nucleus became the tourism resource because they can attracting a large number of tourists for the tourism industry. The tourism products for the tourists are different experience got from the tourism activities in tourism destination such as eating style diet, living special hotel, going sightseeing, shopping and so on. But for tourism industry, the tourism products are the hotel bed, tourism attraction, souvenir, and so on. The main conclusions are as follow： The notable differences of nature, social, economic, political, cultural and/or technology elements between destinations and original places are the fundamental reasons for the tourism at traction and for the reasons why people travelling from one place to another; The tourism nucleus are any feature or characteristic of a destination that the travelers contemplate visiting or actually visits, and the tourism resources are some parts of the tourism nucleus that could attract a large number of tourists from other places which attained the economic threshold of the tourism industry. The tourism product can be differentiated into two levels, one is the total level and the other one is the specific level. The total produce prefers to the complete experience that a person getting from one time travelling and the special product prefers to the goods and materials, includes service that a tourism company offered to the tourists from the original places. The total products are synthesized with specific products through the tourists＇ tourism experience, the same as the elements composed the system, in other words is the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. The tourist＇ s individual experiences are special, diversi fied and personal, but the nature of the human tourism experiences is aesthetic nature. As a concept of tourism research, the tourism experience should be studied from two different levels： one is individual experience and an other is human being experience. When designing the tourism products, more attention should be pay to the indi vidual tourism experiences, but when research on human being＇s tourism experiences, more attention should be pay to the general rule of human being experiences. The true essence of tourism product development is to design the concrete tourism experiences that could provided the tourists the aesthetic experience from nature, society, econo my, culture, polity and technology and could contribute to human progress.