北极航道沿岸国航道管理法律规制变迁研究——从北极航道及所在水域法律地位之争谈起

Research on the Legal Regime Development of States Bordering Arctic Passages about Arctic Passages' Management——An Analysis from the Discussion about Disputes of Legal Status of Arctic Passages and Waters Forming Arctic Passages

气候变暖造成的北极冰融给北极商业通航带来契机。大规模北极商业航行有赖于广泛认可的国际法律规则和北极航道沿岸国的配套管理制度。北极航道沿岸国依据航道所在水域的内水主张否认北极航道用于国际航行海峡的法律地位,进而反对无害通过或过境通行航行制度适用的做法引发美国和欧盟的质疑。航道所在水域的法律地位并不必然影响航道本身的法律地位和应适用的航行制度。北极航道沿岸国针对航道管理的立法变迁和法律制度发展顺应了本国核心利益的需要,但应顾及一般接受的国际规则,避免航道所在水域法律地位争议给航道有益使用带来制度障碍。在强制性北极航行规则形成阶段,北极航道沿岸国不易以严苛的航道管理法律制度绑架国际海事安全维护的认知共同体对北极航行规则模式的理性选择。

the Arctic sea ice melting caused by climate change results in the opportunities of Arcticmarine transportation. The large scale Arctic marine transportation relies on the generally recoginizedinternational legal rules and supplementary management legal regime made by states bordering Arcticpassages. The states bordering Arctic passages declared the sovereignty on the waters forming Arcticpassages and therefore denied the international straits legal status of Arctic passages. Furthermore, transitpassage or innocent passage through the Arctic passage is not allowed by Russia and Canada. U.S. andE.U. are not satisfied with above mentioned declaration and insist on transiting passage rights throughArctic passages. The legal status of waters itself cannot definitely influence the legal status of the Arcticpassages and navigation rights. The development of Arctic passage management legislations follow thecore interests of Russia and Canada. Meanwhile, such development should consider the generallyaccepted international rules in order to avoid the obstables which may result from the legal statusdisputes. During the process of compulsory Polar Code formation, states bordering Arctic passage shouldnot influce the rational stipulation of Polar Code which could be ＂accepted by international community.