囤积症的行为心理特征及相关因素

Hoarding Disorder and Its Correlative Factors

囤积症是指过度获取和不能丢弃那些没有用处或失去价值的物品。囤积症与强迫症、器质性囤积、冲动购物等行为有所不同。囤积行为通常会给患者本人及其家庭成员带来感情、躯体、财务、社会甚至法律方面的负面影响。囤积与性别、年龄、环境等因素均有关联。对于囤积症的行为特征、心理特征及相关因素,学界已有大量的研究。近期,囤积症已被纳入DSM-5,这将有助于确定有持续性丢弃困难的个体,并对其予以帮助与干预。本文对囤积症的行为心理特征(包括认知、情绪和人格)及相关因素(如性别、年龄和环境等)进行了全面的综述。

Hoarding disorder is defined as the excessive acquisition of and failure to discard possessions that are useless or of limitedvalue. For the hoarder and the people living with the hoarder, living spaces are sufficiently cluttered to preclude activities for whichthese spaces are designed, and significant distress or impairment in functioning is caused by the hoarding. These symptoms impair func-tioning or pose significant health and safety risks, as well as distress to those who hoard and those living with or close to them. In somehoarding cases, the acquired items prevent the normal use of space to accomplish basic activities, such as cleaning, cooking, movingthrough the house, and sleeping. Interference with these functions can make hoarding a dangerous problem, putting people at risk forfire, poor sanitation, falling, and health risk. Severe hoarding is a public health concern that may result in precarious living situations,in which the hoarded items intrude on the available living space within the home or create a toxic environment where the residents areexposed to potentially toxic materials. Pathological hoarding can represent a profound public health burden in terms of poor physicalhealth, occupational impairment, and social service utilization. It also has a substantial impact on the family members and those wholive close to a hoarder. Most hoarding research has been done in the context of OCD or OCPD, and there are certain similarities betweenhoarding disorder and OCD. It may lead to the suggestion that hoarding disorder should be classified alongside other OC - related disor-ders. However, this conclusion may be premature as hoarding disorder may also have links with other groupings of disorders, such asvarious emotional disorders and impulse control disorders. In fact, hoarding is different from obsessive - compulsive disorder, compul-sive hoarding, organic hoarding, and compulsive buying. More recently, the hoarding disorder has been included in DSM - 5. The pro-posed DSM -5 criteria include three criteria that describe the symptoms, one that defines the level of distress or interference, and twothat are exclusion criteria. The proposed DSM -5 criteria for hoarding disorder will help to determine individuals who have persistentdifficulty discarding hoarded items. This article focuses on some of the key issues pertaining to pathological or compulsive hoarding, dis-cusses terminological issues and describes the current status of hoarding in the existing classification systems, then identifies and discus-ses key issues that are specifically relevant to DSM - 5. The present paper introduces psychological mechanisms of hoarding, includingcognition, emotion, and personality, then introduces some influential factors of hoarding, including gender, age, and environment. Itprovides a comprehensive picture of hoarding disorder and its correlative factors, although very little research has been done on the Chi-nese population.