汕头市售海鱼异尖线虫幼虫卫生危害探析

Epidemiological features of Anisakis larva in marine fish on Shantou markets

目的了解汕头市售海鱼异尖线虫幼虫（anisakis larva）感染情况,探析本地区海鱼异尖线虫幼虫卫生危害。方法随机采集市售海鱼,当日解剖鱼体,解剖镜下查找、分离海鱼内脏及肌肉内异尖线虫幼虫,利用光学显微镜鉴定虫种。用Excel软件录入样品信息和检测结果,用SPSS 13.0软件进行χ2检验,P〈0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果 2013年2~10月共解剖海鱼57种326尾,异尖线虫幼虫海鱼鱼种感染率为73.68%（42/57）,低于全国85.31%（151/177）的鱼种感染率（χ2=4.03,P〈0.05）;海鱼感染率为52.45%（171/326）,与全国47.10%（1 861/3 951）的感染率相近（χ2=3.46,P〉0.05）;平均感染强度为12.75条/尾（2 181/171）,幼虫活虫率为86.24%（1 881/2 181）。花腹鲭、蓝圆鲹、日本竹荚鱼、眼镜鱼、深水金线鱼等19种海鱼异尖线虫幼虫感染率为100%,其次是鲐鱼90.00%、四线列牙鯻77.27%、短尾大眼鲷75.00%、日本锯大眼鲷75.00%,感染率较低的有孟加拉笛鲷9.09%、勒氏笛鲷14.29%、红鳍笛鲷20.00%和鰆20.00%,澳洲棘鲷、长鳓、刺鲳、金钱鱼等15种海鱼尚未检测出异尖线虫幼虫。异尖线虫幼虫感染强度较高的有金带拟羊鱼（63.7条/尾）、大头狗母鱼（52.3条/尾）、白姑鱼（35.8条/尾）、长条蛇鲻（32.0条/尾）、日本竹荚鱼（27.6条/尾）、蓝圆鲹（26.8条/尾）,感染强度较低的有鰆、勒氏笛鲷、孟加拉笛鲷、白方头鱼和花尾胡椒鲷,均小于1条/尾。肝脏、生殖器、肠系膜等脏器不同程度感染异尖线虫幼虫,但肌肉中尚未检测出该幼虫。结论多种市售海鱼感染异尖线虫幼虫,且虫体存活率高,生食或半生食海鱼及其制品有感染异尖线虫幼虫的风险。探索适合本地区海鱼加工、处理工艺以及异尖线虫幼虫卫生危害识别势在必行。

Objective To understand the current infection status of Anisakis larva in marine fish on Shantou markets,and to explore their health hazard. Methods Marine fish were collected randomly from markets and dissected in the same day.The Anisakis larva were identified and separated from the viscera and muscle under anatomical lens and were further classified under optical microscope.Chi-square test was used for data statistical analysis. Results A total of 326fish from 57species were collected and studied during Feb.to Sep.2013with the overall larva positive rate of 52.45%（171/326）,which was close to the national positive rate of 47.10%（χ2=3.46,P＆gt;0.05）.Out of 57fish species,42were found positive with the positive rate of 73.68%,which was lower than the national average rate of 86.46%（χ2=4.03,P＆lt;0.05）.The average number of larva in each fish was 12.8（2181/171）with the viability of 86.24%（1881/2181）.The highest infection rate of 100.00% was found in 19fish species,including Scomber australasicus,Decapterus maruadsi,Trachurus japonicus,Mene maculate and Nemipterus bathybius,followed by 90%in Pneumatophorus japonicus,77.27%in Pelates quadrilineatus,75%in both Priacanthus macracanthus and Pristigenys niphonia.The infection rates were low in Lutjanus argentimaculatus（9.09%）,Lutjanus russellii（14.29%）,Lutjanus erythropterus（20%）,Scomberomorus commerson（20%）,and no larvae was found in 15fish species as Acanthopagrus australis,llisha elongate,Psenopsis anomala,and Scatophagus argus.The highest number of larva was found in Mulloidichthys vanicolensis（63.7per fish）,followed by that in Trachinocephalus myops（52.3per fish）,Argyrosomus argentatus（35.8per fish）,Saurida filamentosa（32per fish）,Trachurus japonicus（27.6per fish）and Decapterus maruadsi（26.8per fish）.Only one larva was found in each fish of Scomberomorus commerson,Lutjanus russellii,Lutjanus argentimaculatus,Branchiostegus albus and Plectorhinchus cinctus.Majority of Anisakis larva were found in liver,genitals,mesentery and other viscera organs,but none was found in muscle. Conclusions Many species of marine fish sold on market are infected with Anisakis larva which are still highly viable.Therefore,it is dangerous to eat raw or undercooked marine fish and their related products.