齐曼的后学院科学论

Ziman's Theory of Post-academic Science

齐曼在科学社会学上的突出贡献有二:一是后学院科学论,即认定目前科技发展主潮流的性质是后学院科学;二是依据时代的变化,发展了默顿的科学规范理论,提出了由学院科学向后学院科学发生转变的时期科学规范的新形态。齐曼的后学院科学论基本上符合20世纪70年代以来世界科技发展主潮流的实际,与影响广泛的"大科学"论相一致,甚或更加丰满。齐曼科学规范思想的主要方法论特征是其自然主义的立场和多学科的视角。齐曼根据向后学院科学转变时期科学发展的特点,对默顿四项科学规范的每一项都在不同程度上进行了修正;同时,运用多学科的知识背景,详细阐述了科学实践各个环节、各种场合下科学规范的践行问题。齐曼所做工作的实质是使得科学规范更加贴近科学活动的实际,更加适应当代科技发展的需要,使得处于应然状态的默顿科学规范朝向实然状态迈进了一大步,从而显著增强了它的适用性和时代性。

Ziman has made two major contributions to the development of sociology of science. First, he proposes the theory of post-academic science, which takes the post-academic science as the mainstream of current scientifi c and technological developments. Second, he has developed Merton's theory of scientifi c norms and puts forward new forms of scientifi c norms during the transition from the academic science to post-academic science. Consistent with and even more mature than the infl uential 'big science', Ziman's theory of post-academic science has been aligned with the mainstream of global scientific and technological development since the 1970 s. The major methodological features of Ziman's thoughts of scientifi c norms are his naturalistic position and multidisciplinary viewpoints. According to the characteristics of scientifi c development during the transition to post-academic science, Ziman revises Merton's four scientifi c norms to varying degrees. Meanwhile, with the aid of the multidisciplinary knowledge background, Ziman explicitly explains the implementation of scientifi c norms at different stages and in different cases. What Ziman intends to fulfi ll is to enable scientifi c norms to better accord with the current situation of scientifi c activities and meet the demands of modern technological development. He promotes the development of Merton's scientifi c norms from the 'ought-to-be' state to 'as-itis' state, which remarkably enhances their applicability and contemporaneity.