朱鹮保护30年——基于社区的极小种群野生动物保护典范

Thirty-years' Conservation of Crested Ibis Nipponia nippon in China: A Model for Community-based Conservation of Animal Species with Extremely Small Populations

1981年,世界仅存的7只野生朱鹮种群在我国陕西省洋县被发现。经过30余年卓有成效的保护,这个极小种群已发展到1000只左右,并提供种源在中国、日本和韩国重建了10个饲养种群和4个再引入野生种群,全球种群数量已超过2000只。朱鹮保护创造了极小种群野生动物保护的奇迹,成为国际濒危物种保护的成功典范。30余年来,根据不同时期的朱鹮种群数量和生存状况,结合保护目标的需要,当地保护机构因地制宜地采取了不同的保护措施,逐步探索了一套基于社区的朱鹮保护模式。其核心理念是,使社区居民参与到朱鹮保护当中,并从保护中受益,从而形成朱鹮保护与社区发展的良性循环。本文总结了30余年来陕西洋县在政策导向、居民参与、栖息地改善与损失补偿、社区发展扶持和社区宣教等方面的保护方法和经验,探讨了朱鹮保护今后面临的问题并提出了保护建议。

The crested ibis Nipponia nippon is one of the most endangered bird species in the world. When the crested ibis populations died out in the East Asian distribution countries in the middle of the 20^th century, seven wild birds, the world’s only remaining population, was discovered in Yangxian of Shaanxi province, China, in 1981. With 30-years’ conservation efforts, this extremely small population has increased to about 1000 individuals, and 10 ex-situ captive populations and 4 reintroduced populations have been established in China, Japan and South Korea, and then the world population of this species was reached more than 2000. The conservation of crested ibis was considered as a successful model of conservation of endangered species by extremely small populations. According to the population status, the population has undergone three development periods in the past 30 years： extremely small population saving period （year 1981-1992）, extremely small population growing period （year 1993-2002）, and small population rapid growing period （after 2003）. Different and suitable community-based conservation measures have been taken to ensure the safety and development of the population, including seeking policy support from government, involving community residents in conservation activities, habitat improvement and loss compensation, community development support and community propaganda. The core idea of community-based conservation for crested ibis is to encourage local community residents to be involved in the conservation activities and to benefit from it, so as to achieve the virtuous circle of crested ibis conservation and community development. In this review, we summarized the methods and experiences of community-based conservation of crested ibis in the past 30 years, discussed the facing problems, and put up some conservation suggestions.