草地放牧系统中土壤-植被系统各因子对放牧响应的研究进展

A review on the responses of various factors within soil-vegetation system to grazing in grassland grazing systems

基于草业系统界面理论,综述了草地放牧系统中草地土壤-植被因子对放牧的响应以及放牧条件下植物的补偿性生长,认为在大气候一致的区域,放牧强度对植物群落的影响大于其他环境因子,从而成为影响植物群落特征的主导因子;科学的放牧制度和合理的放牧强度可以改善土壤结构,增强土壤对外界环境变化的抵抗力,否则会导致土壤质量下降,加速土壤侵蚀与退化;放牧家畜采食对植物生产力的影响和植物的补偿性生长是一般的生态学过程,但超补偿性生长与植物被采食前后的状况和环境条件密切相关,也与草地的放牧史有较强关系。因此,建议在研究草地放牧系统时,应以草场本身的条件和动态特征加以评价,用动态规划和系统优化模型,对草地的持续利用和畜牧业的可持续发展进行动态模拟,建立草地放牧管理专家系统。

Based on the interface theory within pratacultural system, this paper summarized the responses of soil-vegetation factors to grazing in grassland grazing systems and the compensatory growth of plants under grazing. Grazing intensity has greater effects on plant community than other environmental factors within the same climatic region, therefore, it is the dominant factor influencing plant community characteristics. Besides, scientific grazing system and reasonable grazing intensity could ameliorate soil structure and improve soil resistibility against the change of external environment, otherwise it would accelerate soil erosion and degradation. The influence of grazing livestock feeding on plant productivity and the compensatory growth of plants is a general ecological process; however, over-compensatory plant growth is closely correlated with environmental conditions and states before and after plants are eaten, and also has a strong relationship with the grazing history of grassland. Consequently, we suggest that a grassland grazing system should be assessed by considering the grassland state and dynamic characteristics, and dynamic simulation of sustainable utilization of grassland, and the sustainable development of animal husbandry should be conducted through the model of dynamic programming and system optimization, and establishing grassland grazing management expert system.