江户时代日本藩校教学活动的考察

Research on Teaching Activities of Japanese Hanko in the Edo Period

藩校是日本江户时代旨在培养武士子弟汉学素养的藩立学校,教学内容涵盖汉学古籍经史子集四大类别,但尤其注重经史的学习,四书五经、《小学》《孝经》以及《史记》《十八史略》是大多藩校的必修科目。藩校的教育年限少则数年,多则数十年,甚至终身,年间教学时间也大多超过了270天。在长期教育实践中,藩校总结出了"素读""讲释""会读""轮读"等日本人学习汉学的一些教学方法和个别教学、分层教学等教学组织形式,并每年定期举行释奠、释菜奠礼。以汉学为中心的藩校教育推动了汉字、汉学在日本社会的普及,在汉学教学中积累出的教学方法,也成为日后日本学习西洋文化的主要手段。

Hanko was the official school aiming to develop the Confucian attainment of the samuraichildren in the Japanese Edo period. Teaching content included Confucian classics, history, philosophy and literature, with particular emphasis on Confucian classics and history. The Four Books and The Five Clas- sics, the Primary School, the Classic of Filial Piety, the Record of the Grand Historian and the Eighteen Histories in Brief were compulsory subjects of almost all Hankos. The length of Hanko education varied from a few years to a few decades, or even for life. Students usually studied for more than 270 days per year. During the long-term practice, Hanko had summarized some teaching methods such as sodoku （read- ing without comprehending its meaning）, lecturing, reading by turns, and some teaching organizational forms like individualized instruction and hierarchical teaching. Meanwhile, sacrificial rite was held regular- ly every year. The Hanko education promoted the popularity of Chinese characters and Confucian study in Japan. Moreover, the teaching methods accumulated from Chinese teaching had become the primary means of learning western culture afterwards.