20世纪五六十年代美国苏联学的发展及其影响

The Development and Impact of American Sovietology in the 1950s and 1960s

20世纪五六十年代,美国苏联学经历了深刻的变革和快速的发展。这一方面源于学术自身的发展规律;另一方面,冷战所赋予的强烈政策取向也迫切要求苏联学在全美范围内发展为一门规模巨大的学术专业。在这一时期,联邦政府、私人基金会基于国家安全机制和冷战战略目标,为更加深入地了解苏联,扩大了对苏联学的资助范围,提高了资金投入。以此为契机,该领域相关学术机构在全美各地高校广泛设立,可供政府吸纳和利用的苏联问题专家数量也得以成倍增长。另外,美国斯拉夫研究促进会还通过改组将全美苏联学家囊括其中。在这一时期美国苏联学的发展历程中,该领域不同学术机构间的差距逐渐缩小,学界与政府的共生关系不断增强,国家权力对学者参与冷战的动员力度持续加大,并且越来越多的苏联学家将官方需求确立为自己研究工作的主要取向,体现了美国学术与政治之间的独特关系。

From the 1950 s to the 1960 s,American Sovietology underwent a drastic reform and rapid growth.This is attributable on one hand to the internal development of the academic field itself,on the other hand to the policy incentive during the Cold War,which expanded the subject into a gigantic one across America.During this period,the Federal Government and private foundations put a lot of money into the research on Sovietology for the sake of national security and the Cold War initiative.The academic institutions related to the Soviet studies mushroomed in American colleges and universities.The number of experts on the Soviet Union available for consultation also multiplied.The American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies(AAASS) through a reorganization accepted as members almost all Sovietologists in the country.The disparities among the academic institutions on the Soviet studies were narrowed,while the symbiosis of the academia and government were strengthened.The government continued to make great efforts to mobilize the scholars in the field for the Cold War.Consequently,more and more Sovietologists took the government needs as their academic orientations and interests,which reflect inseparable connections between scholarship and politics.