改造工作论视域下的大学生“低层次就业”

Analysis on the “Low-Level Job” Phenomenon under the “Transformation Theory” Sight

近年来,我国大学生就业形势日益严峻,岗位竞争异常激烈,不少大学生靠"挤占"低学历者的工作岗位而获就业。此现象与多数发达国家在高等教育大众化阶段出现的情况相似,因此被称为"低层次就业"或"教育过度"现象。对此,马丁·特罗的"改造工作论"却有另一番解读:大众高等教育主要培养的是技术精英,由于其拥有更丰富的应用与职业技能,因此一旦从事低层次工作,便能较好地发挥创造性来改造和改善"低层次"工作状况;"教育过度"有时是个体为提升自身素质而对教育产生的需求,这种需求产生的教育过度具有不可控和不确定性,未必都是政策失误所致。显然,"改造工作论"的观点更全面、客观与积极,它以独特的视角将"低层次就业"与个体发挥创造性联系起来,这或许能为化解大学生的就业困惑提供一种新的思路。

Recently, with the deteriorating employment situation of college students, job competitionis fierce. Many graduates search for jobs rely on ＂crowding out＂ low qualifications. This phenomenonis similar with most developed countries in popular stage of higher education. It is called ＂low-level jobs＂ or %ver-education phenomenon. However, Martin.Trow＇ s transformation theory is of adifferent interpretation： technical elites are trained in the popular stage of higher education, because theyhave rich professional skills, they will be able to use creativity to transform and improve the ＂low-level＂ working conditions once they are engaged in low-level work. ＂Education excessive＂, sometimesare, individuals need to improve their own quality, it is an uncontrollable and uncertainty, not causedby policy mistakes. Obviously, the point of ＂transformation theory＂ is more comprehensive, objectiveand positive. It is a distinctive perspective to the ＂low level of employment＂ and linked to individualcreativity, which may be able to provide a new way to resolve undergraduate employment problems.