清代六部司官的“乌布”

Administrative Associates' “Ubu”in Six Ministries in Qing Dynasty

"乌布"是清代六部中标识司官职务名目的满语称呼,包括掌印、主稿、帮印、帮稿、管股等。掌印和主稿最先出现,并在乾隆年间形成掌印、主稿对所办事务负责的制度。嘉道时期,又出现帮印、帮稿、管股等一系列名目,乌布演化为一种与官缺分离的职位序列。官缺由吏部铨选,决定司官的资格、薪俸、待遇,乌布则由本部堂官任命,决定司官在部内的日常工作与所需承担的责任。清末新官制改革时期,又出现司长、局长、科长、股长、科员等"新乌布"。乌布进一步演化为一套新的职事官体系,与现代职官制度接轨。

The Manchu word “ubu” was the name for official functionaries, which included “seal-holders” （zhangyin）, “drafters” （zhugao）, “deputy seal-holders” （ bangyin）, “deputy drafters” （ banggao）, Guangu, etc. Seal-holders appeared first and later did be zhugao.