东北地区主要粮食作物对气候变化的响应及其产量效应

The Major Food Crops in Response to Climate Change and Its Yield Effect in Northeast of China

综述了在全球气候变暖背景下,东北地区农业气候资源、农业气象灾害的变化特征以及主要农作物对气候变化的响应。结果表明,气候变暖给东北地区农业带来的影响利弊共存,主要表现为东北地区主要农作物生长季节温度升高、热量资源增加,适宜农作物生长的时期延长、适种区域扩大,为作物的光温生产潜力以及产量的提高提供了潜在的可能。但由于光照及水资源的限制以及CO2浓度的增加而引发的温室效应,对农作物的产量和品质也产生了负面影响。极端天气事件增加,农作物生态环境恶化,干旱、洪涝、盐碱化速度加快,尤其是近几年受全球变暖的影响,东北地区主要农作物受干旱灾害的影响最为明显。降水总量减少和降水分布不均匀,使东北地区成为受气候变化影响最敏感和脆弱地区之一。

This article reviewed the effect of climate changes on the variation of agricultural climate resources, characteristics of agricultural disaster and the response of the main crops in Northeast China under the condition of global warming. The results showed that there were advantages and disadvantages to the effects of climate warming on agriculture of China. The growing temperature in main crop season in Northeast China, the increasing of heat resources, the extended growth period and the expansion of region suitable for crop, which were potential possible for raising the output of crop production and light-temperature potential productivity. Because of the light and the limitation of water resources and the increase of CO2 concentration which were caused by the greenhouse effect, the yield and quality of the crop had a negative effect. With extreme weather events increasing, agricultural ecological environment deterioration, drought, flood and waterlogging, salinization speed, the most obvious effect was drought disaster in Northeast China, especially for the effect of global warming in recent years. With the total amount of precipitation reduction and precipitation uneven distribution, the Northeast China became one of the most sensitive and vulnerable areas affected by climate change.